THDL Medicine Collections

THDL Preliminary Glossary of Tibetan Medical Terms

October 2002: This is a list output of the in-progress glossary project that is being enhanced in various ways over the coming year. When the THDL Dictionary software is operational, these terms will be included within that dictionary and will be searchable. In the meantime this text output is offered to those who may find it useful.

Wylie	Definition	Domain

gang zag so so'i rtsa khams dang nad rkyan	different nadi constitutions and circumstances of individuals and their illnesses
grang ba	cool, cold; 1) cold. 2) a sickness caused by phlegm disorder. 3) property of digested medicine
grang ba dgu	nine diseases from cold
grang ba dang tsha ba la sogs pa'i sdug bsngal	suffering from heat and cold
grang ba'i tshor ba	feeling of cold, cold sensation
grib skyon	stroke, brain sickness [believed to be caused by {gza' bdud rA hu la}	Nosology
grul bum gdon	[a sickness attributed to] an evil influence of kimbhandas	Nosology
gre ba	wind-pipe, throat, vocal cords	Anatomy/Physiology
glang thabs	colic, stomach pain Kletter, Plants: "The name glang thabs may be translated as bull's (glang) goring (thabs) and refers to the painful cramps arising in the course of these diseases. Persons suffering from indigestion may easily be affected by glang thabs under specific conditions. Such conditions are improper diet, which leads to further loss of digestive power in the stomach, and improper behavior such as sudden exposure of the sweaty body to the cold after strenuous physical activity. The above-mentioned conditions will disturb the pho srin in the stomach and generate glang thabs. The disorders glang thabs are classified into four types: hot diseases (tsha glang), cold diseases (grang glang), disorders which are due to a disturbance of internal srin (srin glang), and one disorder which is related to gnyan rims (gnyan glang). Demons are also said to influence the occurrence of the glang thabs diseases."	Nosology
glo kha	lung color
glo ba	the lungs	Anatomy/Physiology
glo ba'i rtsa	the lung channel / nadi	Anatomy/Physiology
mgul nad lba ba brgyad	eight types of throat goiter disease
rgal tshigs	backbone, vertebrae, spine
rgya tshad kyi bro tshal ba	became sick with fever	Nosology
rgyab gzhung	spine
rgyu ma	entrails, intestines, bowels
rgyu ma'i nad lnga	five intestinal diseases
rgyu tshad	typhoid
rgyu shags	lasso of intestines, noose of entrails
rgyus pa	fibers, muscle, sinew, tendon, small ligament, [shrinks in five] {ter den}
lgang pa	urinary bladder	Anatomy/Physiology
sgal tshigs 'sang lo	vertebra
brgyal ba	{brgyal ba, brgyal ba, brgyal ba} intr. v.; pf. of {rgol ba}; ft. of {rgol ba}; faint/ unconsciousness; to faint/ fall unconscious; 1) faint, oblivion, unconsciousness, black out, senselessness, to sink into blank mental inactivity. 2) coagulation [of sperm and blood and the stupefied descent therein] 3) to sink down, to faint
ngan skyugs	to vomit
ngon skyugs	vomit
ngos 'dzin	recognize, recognition, acceptance, to understand, know, identification, knowing a thing by its characteristics, to recognize, identify, grasp, understand, know; identity, definition; diagnosis and symptoms of disorder
mngal	uterus, womb; incubator
mngal sku	womb-born
mngal skye'i khams drug ldan pa	endowed with the six elements of a womb-birth
mngal skyes	womb birth womb-born
mngal skyes	rebirth through womb; womb-born, born from a womb
mngal skyes khams drug ldan	endowed with the six elements of a womb-born
mngal skyes mngal nas skye ba	birth from the womb, womb birth
mngal gyi skabs lnga	the five stages of gestation; {mngal gyi gnas skabs lnga}
mngal gyi sgo	the door to the womb [seen from the bardo]
mngal gyi gnas skabs	gestation, being in the womb
mngal gyi gnas skabs lnga	the five stages of gestation / phases of being in the womb; Def. by Jamgšn KongtrŸl: {nur nur po dang/ mer mer po dang/ go gor po dang/ mkhrang 'gyur dang/ rkang lag rnam par 'gyus pa ste/ mngal gyi gnas skabs lnga ni gzugs kyi yan lag yin no}
mngal grib	womb-obscuration
mngal rgya	enclosure of the womb
mngal sgo	cervix, womb, womb-entrance
mngal sgo dgag pa'i thabs	method for blocking the gate of the womb
mngal sgo ma khegs	without closing the door of the womb
mngal sgrib	birth pollution; {mngal grib}
mngal chags	conception. syn {mngal du chags pa}
mngal 'jug	entering the Womb
mngal 'jug pa	syn {mngal du 'jug pa}
mngal du	womb
mngal du skye ba bzung pa nas btsas pa'i bar	phases from conception in the womb to the moment of birth
mngal du chags pa	syn {mngal chags}, conception
mngal du 'jug pa	to enter a womb
mngal du nying mtshams sbyar ba	connected to a womb
mngal du nying mtshams sbyor ba	entering a womb
mngal du zhugs pa	entered the womb
mngal ldan	pregnant
mngal na gnas pa	dwell in the womb, gestation
mngal nas phyir btsas	being born, came out of the womb
mngal nas 'byung ba	resulting from the womb
mngal gnas lnga	{mngal gyi gnas skabs lnga}
mngal sbubs	the confine of the womb, womb
sngo	blue; 1) adj. comp. of {sngon po}. 2) blue or green, plant, herb, vegetable, greens. 3) dedicate, dedication, blue / green
gcong nad	a chronic disease Tsarong, Plants, 113: "A chronic metabolic disorder bringing about a depletion of essential nutrients and loss of body weight. There are four main categories which are divided into 16 specific types."
bcud	1) juice, sap, extract, essence, quintessence, moisture, nectar, potency, elixir, essential nutriment. 2) nutrient, nutrition, the nourishing part. 3) content. 4) to nourish. 5. Contents, inhabitants. // vitality [of the 5 elements]; vital essence, quintessence, distillation, distilled essence; a drink; elixir
cha byad	costumes, thing, implement, instrument; medicinal instruments
cham pa	common cold, catarrh, flu Kletter, Plants: "This disease is considered to be the same as the common cold. There are eight different types of cham pa. The first four types relate to the three humors and a combination thereof. Three types refer to the site of the disease (the nose, throat and lungs) and the last type, chams rims, is characterized by its highly contagious nature. When cham pa is related to mkhris pa, an increase in tsha ba occurs and fever ensues."	Nosology
chu ba	large ligament, sinew
chu bur rdol ba	blistering open sores
chu ser	pus; lymph, gore; lymph disorders literally means a yellow fluid, located mostly in the skin and joints. The waste or residue (snyig ma) from the blood stored in the gall bladder is the chu ser. Sometimes translated as "lymphatic fluid" or "blood serum".	Anatomy/Physiology
chu so	urinary organs
mchin pa	the liver, the midriff, diaphragm	Anatomy/Physiology
mchin pa na ba	diseased liver
mchin pa za ba'i srin bu	liver-eating parasite
mchin pa'i rtsa	liver vein	Anatomy/Physiology
mchims blo bzang grags pa	n of master
mcher pa	the milt, spleen
'jags	vi. 1) to calm down, to be quelled, settle down, become quiet, peaceful, tranquil. 2) to remain [in the mind], remember, to stay with. 3) to assimilate
rje ngar	the shank
nyes	crime, offense, fault; things go wrong; fault, evil, blame, imperfection, wrongdoing; evil; the humors
gnyan pa	1) fierce, cruel. 2) sacred, powerful, strong. 3) severe; strict, exact, rigorous, uncompromising. See also {gnyan, gnyan po}; 4) pestilential disease
gnyan rims gsum	three types of epidemic Kletter, Plants: "The term gnyan rims is synonymous for the gnyan diseases. The term rims refers to the contagious character of these disorders."	Nosology
gnye ma	colon, great gut
gtar	to bleed a patient, bloodletting
gtar ba	{gtar ba, gtar ba, gtar ba, gtor} trans. v.; to bleed; pf. of {gtar ba}; ft. of {gtar ba}
rting pa	heel
rtul	dulled, blunt
ltar ltar po	'a lump', 'fleshy', [third week of the embryo], {mngal gyi gnas skabs lnga}
lte ba	1) navel, 2) hub, center; middle, core, 2) navel-string, umbilical cord, 3) central, main, principal, real; foremost, important, influential, or significant, major, primary, dominant, prime, key, cardinal, foremost, chief, leading
lte ba	navel
lte ba 'khor	the navel chakra
lte ba sprul pa'i 'khor lo	emanation wheel of the navel, the navel centre
ltogs skom	hunger and thirst
stong skyug	nausea
thur sel	downward clearing [wind]. downward voiding. {rlung thur sel} secretion / reproduction
thur sel gyi rlung	downward-clearing wind, downward-voiding wind, downward-clearing wind, downward-voiding wind, downward
thur sel rlung	downward-clearing wind
thod pa	forehead
mthe bong	the big toe; thumb
da tshur	alum
dar ma	grown-up, adult, person in the prime of life 16 to 30 years of age, the age of manhood, manly age
dar tshur	alum
don	real; purpose/ essentially/ real, true/ a vital organ; points, topics/ meaning/ nature/ true; value. 2) object, thing, sense object, perceptible thing. 3) fact, identity. 4) true, real, ultimate, absolute, truth, actuality, reality. 5) topic, subject, aspect, category, classification. 6) purpose, benefit, reason, objective. 7) result, output, value, accomplishment, worth. 8) inner organs. 9) to go, come out, emit, give off, send out, flow, {thon} etc]; (actual/ true) meaning/ import/ purpose; topic/ (ultimate) point; welfare/ benefit; object (of experience). -don - ultimate point of.
dran pa brgyal ba	to lose one's senses, fall unconscious
dri chu	urine
drod	heat; (phase of) meditative warmth; warming; warmth, realization. [in {theg chen sbyor lam}.
na tsha byung ba	to sicken
na so	age, stage of life
nad 'joms kyi sman pa	the physician who cured the diseases
rnam rgyal a ru ra	Lat. Terminalia chebula - Myrobalan
snod	1) pot, vessel, container, receptacle, recipient; 2) environment, inanimate world, vessel-like universe, the world, 3) be worthy of, recipient; worthy recipient; 4) hollow organs the six hollow organs-small intestine (rgyu ma), large intestine (long), stomach (pho ba), urinary bladder (lgang pa), gall bladder (mkhris pa), ovary (and uterus) and seminal vesicle (bsam se'u).	Anatomy/Physiology
ku ya	sediment of urine [from which Tibetan physicians diagnose disease].
klad chung	cerebellum
klad gzhung	1) spinal marrow. 2) from the beginning to the end. 3) skull
klu 'bum nag po	med. plant
klu mo mu tig nu zho can	medicinal plant.
klu sman	n. of a medicine. medicine against nagas, medicinal plants to be mixed in a naga torma. See {klu gtor}
dkar po sbal rgyab	white frog's back (n. of a stone possessing medicinal properties).
dku	side (of one's body). 1) waist. 2) side [of one's body]. 3) belly
bku ba'i sman sbyor	medical mixture. to make an extract of a drug by drawing out the juice. syn {bku ba}
bkru sman	lotion for washing [wounds].
bkru sman gtong ba	to apply lotion to a wound.
bkres skom	1) hungry and thirsty. 2) hunger and thirst
rkang mthil	sole; sole of the foot. the sole of the foot
rkang 'bam	syn {rkang bam}, swelled legs, elephantiasis. a proliferation of bad blood in the upper region on the body which falls to the legs and become inflamed and swollen Tsarong, Plants, 113: "A disorder where there is a proliferation of bad blood which is then respectively, dispersed by rlung, to the muscle tissues, fats, channels, fluids, and bones. The disorder originates from the upper region of the body and then falls to the lower limbs, particularly, the knees, and calves which become inflamed and swollen."	Nosology
rkan nad	disease of the palate
rkan phug	palate.
rkong sman	remedy against itch.
rkyal	swimming; floating.
rkyal rgyag pa	swimming, floating, raft, ferry-boat. syn {rkyal}
skom	thirst, drink, dry land, to be thirsty; beverage; a drink
skom pa	thirst; {skom pa, skoms pa, skom pa} intr. v.; ft. of {skom pa}; I). {skoms pa, skom pa}. to be thirsty. II). 1) thirst. 2) a drink. 3) a thirsty person
skyigs bu	hiccups
skyug	vomiting, nausea, vomit
skyug gcod pa	1) to stop vomiting. 2) that which stops vomiting [medicine]; 1) to stop vomiting. 2) that which stops vomiting [medicine]
skyug nyes pa	indigestible food
skyug pa	{bskyugs pa, bskyug pa, skyugs}. - I]. 1) to vomit, throw up, feel disgusted, nauseated. 2) to pour forth, come out forcefully, eject. II]. vomit. sm. {skyugs pa}; {skyug pa, bskyugs pa, bskyug pa, skyugs} trans. v.; to vomit, come out forcefully
skyug pa 'chor ba	to vomit
skyug byed	emetic, epith. of Mahaesvara; emetic
skyug bro po	nauseating, sickening, loathsome, disgusting, abominable
skyug sman	emetic
skyug bshal	cholera. syn {ko lo ra}
skye gnas mtshungs pa	uterine
skrang	to swell
skrang ba	{skrangs pa, skrang ba}. to swell up, be swollen, puff up; {skrang ba, skrangs pa, skrang ba} intr. v.; to swell, be swollen; ft. of {skrang ba}
skrang 'bur	abscess
skrangs pa	swelling
skrangs po	swelling, tumor
skran	tumor, concretion under the skin, swelling Tibetan medicine recognizes twenty different types of tumors; they are generally divided into a hot and cold category. Mhris-pa and blood are the main causes of hot tumors, while bad-kan and rlung are the chief causes of cold tumors. Kletter, Plants: "Usually the term skran is translated as tumor, but this may be misleading as not all types of skran refer to swellings. The skran can be defined as concretions, swellings, cysts, or blood clots. It can be classified into two types, which are differentiated by the presence of absence of a coating."	Nosology
skran nad	Kletter, Plants: "The skran nad represents a group of diseases which have different symptoms, though they do have one feature in common: they produce a more or less solid formation (skran) in the body. The skran diseases are classified according to their nature and the site at which they are located: spu skra consists of hairs which are consumed with the food and remain in the stomach of the intestines; skran may have the nature of chu ser, chu skran, and appear all over the body; rnag skran has the nature of pus and may be located in any part of the body, while rdo skran has a stone-like nature and is found mainly in the urinary bladder, kidneys, and gall bladder. "There are 11 types of skran which are situated either outside (phyi), inside (nang), of in the middle (bar). Outside refers to the location of skran near the outer side of the six hollow organs and the five vital organs and in the area between skin and muscle tissue. Inside means being located within the wall of the six hollow organs and deep inside the five vital organs. Middle refers to the occurrence of skran on the outer wall of the six hollow organs and five vital organs. "The skran diseases may be either of a hot nature (tsha skran) when they are related to mkhris pa and blood, or of a cold nature (grang skran) when they are connected to bad kan and rlung. The skran of the hot disorders tend to increase in size, while the cold skran have a smaller tendency to grow. "The conditions for the occurrence of skran diseases are unsuitable diet, indigestion, or wrong behavior resulting in a disturbance of the three humors, the seven bodily constituents, and the srin of the body, or an increase in chu ser. Other conditions are the spreading of impure blood in the body, formation of impure blood due to weapon injuries, unhygienic conditions after childbirth, and staying in damp, cold places for a prolonged period. Furthermore, due to the intake of animal hairs with the food, concretions may be formed in the stomach of intestines."	Nosology
bska ba	1) astringent [taste]. 2) bitter. See {ro drug}. 3) thick strong taste [tea, soup].
khar ba	1) n. a demon killed by Krishna. 2) compound of copper and zinc, bell metal. 3) staff; 3) to stick to
khu ba'i dbang po	mercury
khu rlangs	mist and vapor
khun tshos	cheek
khur tshos	cheek, syn {mkhur tshos}
khong skran	ulcer	Nosology
khong sman ser po	bile, gall
khrag gtar ba	to let blood
khrag sha	congealed blood, coagulated blood
khrag bshal	dysentery, hemorrhage after child-birth
khrog sman	prepared substance of a medicine
mkhal nad	kidney diseases. Kletter, Plants: "The term mkhal nad refers to kidney diseases which originate from a disturbance of all three humors, but are mainly influenced by the humor bad kan. As the kidneys are considered to be related to the ears, kidney diseases will exhibit ear symptoms. There are two types of kidney diseases: tsha babs and grang rlung. The tsha babs diseases are influenced by bad kan and mkhris pa, and the grang rlung by bad kan and rlung. The grang rlung diseases can, in turn, be divided into eight types. "Conditions for the occurrence of both types of the kidney diseases are an excessive consumption of sweet foods or diets of a cooling nature, accidents such as falling from great heights, lifting heavy objects and staying in a humid place or it cold water for a long time."	Nosology
mkhal ma	kidney, reins. syn {mkhal ril}	Anatomy/Physiology
mkhal ma'i rtsa kun 'dar ma	the kidney nadi avadhuti	Anatomy/Physiology
mkhur tshos	1) cheeks. 2) color of the cheeks
mkhris nad kyi zas rigs bcu gcig	11 foods for jaundice
mkhris pa	1) gall bladder. 2) bile, gall. 3) jaundice
mkhris pa lnga	the five kinds of bile: 1) {sgrub byed}, propitiation accomplishing bile 2) {mdangs bsgyur}, complexion changing bile, 3) {mdog gsal}, complexion clearing bile, 4) {'ju byed}, digestive bile, 5) {mthong byed}, vision bile
mkhris pa 'ju byed	digestive bile
mkhris pa'i rgyu lam lnga	five pathways for the circulation of bile
mkhris pa'i spyi rtags bdun	7 general signs of bile
mkhris pa'i sbyong byed bzhi	4 clarifiers of the bile
mkhris pa'i gsal byed bzhi	the four animal's bile used in medicine 1) {dom mkhris} bear's bile. 2) {nyam khris} fishbile. 3) {ri bong mkhris} hare's bile. 4) {'phyi ba'i mkhris pa} marmot's bile	Pharmacy
sprin pa	cloudy formation (in reading urine); syn {sprin}
phang long	vertebra
phan nus	function, role; benefit and powers
pho ba	stomach, reticulum	Anatomy/Physiology
pho ba ri	black pepper, stomachic pills	Pharmacy
phyi phyi sa	excrement
phyi sa	dirt, excrement, plasma
phrugs	imp. of {'phrug pa}
'phong tshos	buttocks	Anatomy/Physiology
'phrug pa	ft. of {'phrug pa}; {'phrug pa, 'phrugs pa, 'phrug pa, phrugs} trans. v.; to scratch one's self
ba ru	beleric myrobalan
ba ru ra	Cragaegus Sanguinea, beleric myrobalan, [important medicinal plant, cragaegus sanguinea]
ba ru ra'i mdo	sutra on the myrobalan fruit, Aksharasi Sutra
bad kan	phlegm
bad kan lnga	the five phlegms, {'byor byed}, connective phlegm, {myong byed}, taste perceiving phlegm, {myag byed}, decomposing phlegm, {tshim byed}, satisfying phlegm, {rten byed}, supporting phlegm.
bed spyod	to use, employ, utilize, apply; indications
byang khog	trunk, chest, lungs, the inside of the body
byang khog brgyangs	lungs were blocked
byang khog stod	chest
bra ba	a ground rat/ gopher; rodent; pulse that is very fine
brang	a dwelling/ the chest; chest, breast; breast/ chest
brang kha	chest
bla rtsa	the channel of the vital basis, "la", the vital pulse
'bam	gout Tsarong, Handbook: "A blood disorder which is further aggravated by rlung to the muscle tissues, fat, channels (nerves, veins, and arteries), fluids, and the bones. It specifically afflicts the lower extremity: specially the hollow of the knees and the calves."	Nosology
'bu srin	insects, worms
'byor byed bad kan	connecting phlegm
'bru ma	tumor, swelling, weal
lba ba	wen, goitre, knots, excrescenses
sbyur sman	herbal ingredients, popular, aspen
sbrum ma	pregnancy; pregnant, expectant, gravid, expecting, parturient
ma'i mngal	your mother's womb
mig sman	the eye potion, {thun mong dngos grub brgyad}
mid pa	{mid pa, mid pa, mid pa, mid} trans. v.; pf. of {mid pa}; ft. of {mid pa}; gullet; gullet, oesophagus, throat; swallow
me btsa'	moxibustion Kletter, Plants: "In Tibetan medicine, moxibustion is generally one of the ultimate treatments if all other treatments have failed. The dried plant spra ba (Anaphalis sp.) is chopped and mixed with the ash of the burned stem of zwa shing, a stringing nettle plant. Then the mixture is rubbed between the palms of the hands until the hard parts fall off and the remnants are of a wooly texture. The plant material will be rolled in Tibetan paper, as if rolling a cigarette, until it is hard. Then it is cut into elongated pieces which are flat on one side. After removing the paper the rolled up plant material has a cone-like shape. Fresh garlic is used to stick the cone to the respective part of the body. The size of the moxibustion cone depends on the site, the types of the disease and the age of the patient. Fresh garlic is not only used as adhesive but is also applied because of its medicinal properties. It has a cooling nature and is good for the treatment of rlung diseases due to its heavy and cool qualities. Fresh garlic is also used for the treatment of srin diseases."	Therapeutics
mer mer po	'oval shape'. [the first of the five periods in the womb]
myag byed bad kan	mixing phlegm
myong byed bad kan	experiencing phlegm
rman pa	wounded
sman	nectar medicine, amrita; herbal ingredients, to help, medicinal, medicine, drug, healing, medical, herb, beneficial, helpful, amrita, remedy
sman	medicine, physic, remedy, medicinal herb,
sman kun nas sbyor ba	to mix up medicine
sman khang	hospital
sman khug	bag [usually for medicines]. cloth bag for medicine
sman khug	medicine bag
sman gyi sgrub chen	Medicine drubchen
sman gyi bla	supreme healer, the Buddha of Medicine, syn {sangs rgyas sman bla}
sman gyi ro	taste of medicine
sman sgrub	Sacred medicine
sman lnga	the five medicinal substances, {shu dag dkar po} utpal, kandakari, {ga bra}, {rgya mtsho sbu ba}
sman bcos	treatment; medicine, medical treatment
sman bcos khang	clinic
sman bcos byed pa	to cure, remedy, treat
sman chen po	great medicine
sman chos	medicinal dharma
sman mchog	supreme medicine
sman mchod	medicine offering [of amrita / nectar]; amrita offering, great medicine [of amrita / nectar]; amrita offering
sman tho	prescription
sman sna	samples of different medicinal plants
sman pa	beneficial [to the doctrine]. medicine, physician, sake, benefit, vaidya [Buddha]; {sman pa, sman pa, sman pa} intr. v.
sman pa	physician
sman pa ra sten pa	to consult a doctor, doctor, physician
sman pa'i rgyal po	the King of Physicians
sman dpa' bo gcig thub	universal panacea
sman dpa' bo chig thub	the medicine that cures all deceases, panacea
sman dpyad	medical treatment; medical cure, treatment, medical treatment. ~{brten} to rely on the ~
sman dpyad brten	to follow a cure, rely on medical treatment
sman spyar ba	the medicinal compound
sman spyor	medicinal compound
sman byed pa	to examine a patient
sman bla	[syn {sangs rgyas sman bla} Buddha Supreme Healer]
sman bla	{sangs rgyas sman bla}, Buddha Supreme Healer
sman bla	lama-doctor
sman sbyar	herbal ingredient, medicinal compound; medicine sadhana. the blessed medicinal substance [made in such sadhana-ritual]
sman sbyor khang	pharmacy
sman yan lag brgyad pa	the eightfold way of medicinal practice; the eightfold way of medical practice, (Begins with diagnosis, pulse, urine, etc.--the eight steps in treating a patient), Eight branches of medicine: curing, healing, expelling, pharmacology, application of oil, reciting mantras, surgery, and regeneration.
sman yig	percription; medicine manual, prescription
sman rigs tshong khang	chemist's shop, drugstore
tsan dan smug po	one of the {phyi'i rtsa ba brgyad} the eight outer principal [medicines]	Pharmacy
btsa' sgo	mouth of the vagina [cervix?]
btsa' pa	to be born, to bring forth
btsa' sgo	mouth of the vagina (cervix?); birth-canal
btsa' pa	to be born, to bring forth
btsa' ba	{btsa' ba, btsa' ba, btsa' ba} trans. v.; to take birth, be born; bear, bring forth, be born;
btsas	gave birth to; give birth, newly-born
btsas pa	to be born, bring forth; newly-born; alt. pf. of {btsa' ba}
rtsa dkar nad	nerve disorders; includes polio, Parkinson's disease and other forms of paralysis Kletter, Plants: "These diseases are related to the nerves and may also appear as hot or cold disorders. General symptoms for both types are headaches, pain in the upper back, crooked mouth and eyes, impaired balance, numbness in the limbs or loss of function of the limbs, loss of memory and speech, partial insomnia, partial loss of the function of the sense organs, fantasizing, itching all over the body and intolerance to loud noise."	Nosology
rtsa gnyid log gnyis	the arteries of sleep
rtsib ma	ribs
rtsub	rouch, harsh, forceful; abusive; coarse
tshangs pa'i bu ga	the aperture of Brahma, brahmarandra, [opening at the top of one's head the path of which leads to the higher realms]
tshe'i 'du byed	[def. the continuity of life-energy determining one's life span, syn {srog gi 'du byed}
tshe'i rtsa	the life vein / channel
tshe'i rig byed	ayurveda, healing, medicine, the science of prolonging life.byang yan lag bdun - the seven bodhi-factors, {dran pa}, {chos rab rnam 'byed}, {brtson 'grus}, {dga' ba}, {shin sbyangs}, {ting 'dzin}, {btang snyoms}- the seven bodhi-factors, {dran pa}, {chos rab rnam 'byed}, {brtson 'grus}, {dga' ba}, {shin sbyangs}, {ting 'dzin}, {btang snyoms}
mtshe ma	twins
'tsho byed sman	healing and medicine
mdze nad	leprosy Kletter, Plants: "The disease mdze nad is considered to be leprosy. According to the Tibetan view of life and death, the cause for the disease lies in one's actions in a former life. Another cause of the disease is the intermingling of chu ser nag po with blood and mkhris pa. A person already suffering from a chu ser nag po disease might therefore easily contract mdze nad under specific conditions. Such conditions are unsuitable diet and wrong behavior which lead to an imbalance of the three humors and an increase in chu ser nag po in the body. "The disease spreads all over the body and affects the skin, bones, nerves, muscles, and blood. Symptoms are a loss of luster of the skin, growing pale of showing a red discoloration of the skin, a change in the voice, roughness and lesions of the skin, itching, loss of body hair and eye brows, serous pimples, swelling in the face and of the limbs, muscular twitching and atrophy, deformation of the nose and the mouth, ulcers, pain in the stomach, liver, muscles, bones or nerves, loss of function of the sense organs, watering eyes and mouth, change in color of the teeth and the white of the eyes. The patient becomes very depressed. There are two types, a hot one (mdze nag) and a cold one (mdze dkar). The hot, more severe types develops quickly and is highly contagious. The patient experiences twisting pain in the heart and is in a state of confusion. The cold type is less contagious and develops more slowly. "There are a few ways of diagnosing this disease. In the first place, the changes in the body, speech and mind of the patient are examined by the physician. Then, the discolorations of the face are investigated thoroughly. When pressing the pale, brown of red discoloration at the glabella with the finger, a visible imprint remains. After being pressed the discoloration is of a pale color with dark brown dots. The patient's face is examined by washing it with water. The physician looks closely at the surface of the face, because the water does not moisten the surface properly in those parts where color changes appear. Another diagnostic method is applying a specific medicine and watching the patient's reactions to its ingestion."	Nosology
mdze can	leprosy
mdze nad pa	a leper
mdzer pa	knot, excrescence, wart
rdzi ma	eye-lashes
zhad kyis mnar bzhi nad pa	a person afflicted by sickness
zhabs kyi long mo'i tshigs mi mngon pa	ankle-joints; inconspicious ankle-joints. one of the {skyes bu chen po'i mthan sum bcu rtsa gnyis} the thirty marks of a great being
zla mtshan	menstruating, menstruation
gza' rgyab pa	stroke, apoplexy
gza' nad	epilepsy (?) seems to be more like stroke, though some dictionaries say epilepsy, and even Dawa at first said that gza' nad and brgyal gzer are the same thing; also Barry Clark translates it as epilepsy when he notes it to be the 80th chapter in the man ngag rgyud. In most books on diseases this is not mentioned. Strange. 7/15/02: Yangkar says this: this is a disease caused by non-human demons; it happens when you make the spirits/demons angry, and then they attack you. It is contagious, can be spread to other people. It is generally treated by mantra or ritual. The demon stays in the nervous system and affects one's nervous system. It strikes on certain days of the month-the 4th, 8th, 11th, 15th, 22nd, 29th, and 30th.	Nosology
yi ga 'chus pa	paranoid, suffocating, blocks throat; dysphagia; anorexia
ro tsa	sexual instinct, carnal desire
rlangs	steamy; steam, vapor
rlung gis khyer te grong thengs yang byung	went into a coma, {rlung gis khyer} fainted, this is a particular medical term meaning a {rlung} sickness--dizziness, headiness
rlon pa	{rlon pa, brlan pa, brlan pa, rlon} trans. v.; fresh; wet, moist, damp
ling thog	caracts
lums	a bath; skin ointments for sores and wounds
long ka	intestines, entrails, guts
longs mgrin pa	the throat
longs bu	ankle-bone
sha khrag	flesh and blood
shu ba	abscess a skin disorder where the skin is coarse and cracked with a hot or cold, itchy sensation	Nosology
gshang	shang. [bon equivalent of gahnta, made of bell metal, round, looks like symbal]; anus
bshal	to crawl/ to cleanse, purge; purgatives
bshal skyug	cholera
bshal nad	dysentery
sag ram rtsi	sulphuric acid
sag ri	shagreen
sen mo	fingeranils; a fingernail; [finger or toe] nail
sog pa	shoulder; shoulderblades
sra	hard, solid, firm, durable
srin bu	Raksasa, the 49th year of {rab byung}sm. {shing mo yos} insect, worm; a savage; a ghost, spirit
srin bu	parasite Tibetan medicine recognizes 84,000 parasites and microorganisms.
srin bu mgo sngon	blue-headed worms
srin bu mgo rdebs	flat-headed worm
srin bu mgo dmar	redheaded worm
srin bu mchu ring	mosquito
srin bu do log	centipede; caterpillar
srin bu phye bo	dust-worm
srin 'bu	insects
gsang sgro	scrotum, "secret sack"
gso ba	to mend; to feed, nourish, to mend; to enhance; to heal, cure; ft. of {gso ba}; {gso ba, gsos pa, gso ba, gsos} trans. v.; {gso ba, bsos pa, bso ba}
bsam se'u	vesicle of regeneration, seminal vesicle, ovary?
bsreg pa	to incinerate/ burn; moxibustion	Therapeutics
bsregs	burned up; burning; moxibustion	Therapeutics
lhog rgod	fatal ulcerous sores	Nosology
lhog pa	a large ulcer or sore; infectious degenerative disease of the tissue affecting the lymph lhog pa an infectious disease of the muscle tissue Lhog pa is a disease of the muscle tissue caused by infection, which is like bubbling water in appearance, hence the name Kletter, Plants: "The lhog pa disease is one type of the gnyan diseases and is a severe disease which particularly affects the muscles and leads to a feeling of numbness in them. General symptoms are shivering, swelling, headache, pain in the joints, bitter taste, lethargy, a depressed feeling and incoherent speech and thought. "There are eleven types of this disease. Four of them are related to the elements earth, water, fire, and air, other refer to the severeness of the diseases or to symptoms such as the presence or absence of pain or the location and nature of swelling."	Nosology
a ru	yellow myrobalan, terminabli chebula
a ru ra	myrobalan, arura juice
a sha war tha	medicinal herb	Pharmacy
ol mdud	larynx
sman mar	medicinal butter or oil
thal sman	medicinal calxes, calcinated powders
sman chang	medicinal brewage/wine
sngo sbyor	compounding plants
gcin nad	disease of urine
nad kyi yal ga	branch of disease
'byor nad	contagious disease
lus zungs kyi yal ga	branch of 7 nutrients: dwangs ma (essence, juice, relish, taste), khrag (blood), sha (flesh), tshil (fat), rus pa (bone), rkang (marrow), khu ba (semen)	Anatomy/Physiology
dri ma'i yal ga	branch of excrements: bshang ba (feces), gcin (urine), rngul (sweat)
gcin 'gag	retention of urine
gcin man	diabetes
sna dri	nose mucous
ba lu'i lo ma	plant used as incense
'grams nad	spreading disease
'grams tshad	over-mastering fever	Nosology
trag pa	pulse that is surface, full
bad nab	phlegm on feces
rgyu rgan	name of disease of small intestine
dan 'dra	castor oil plant
grims pa	pulse that is tensed, twisted
kon pa gad skyes	medicine for stopping hemorrage
rgyun rtsa pho	male pulse
rgyun rtsa mo	female pulse
kyig pa	fast, deeply tensed pulse
gdon	spirits Kletter, Plants: "There are eighteen major kinds of diseases caused by demons. Persons prone to be seized by demons are supposed to have a bad character. They lie, steal, kill, commit adultery, are not the master of their emotions and are usually without friends. They may reveal signs of depression or sadness and be unfriendly to others. The seizure by demons leads to a change in behavior, character and speech in the affected persons. Each demon is considered to cause very specific changes."	Nosology
ngos 'dzin rtags kyi rtsa ba	root of diagnosis
skye 'chi'i rtags	sign of birth and death
blta ba'i sdong po	stem of inspection
lce'i yal ga	branch of tongue (diagnosis)
rlung lce'i lo ma	leaf of the wind-tongue
chu'i yal ga	branch of urine (diagnosis)
rlung chu'i lo ma	leaf of the wind-urine
reg pa'i sdong po	stem of palpitation
dri ba'i sdong po	stem of interrogation
slong rkyen	the exciting conditions (of a disease)
ro ma rtsa	the pulse with extracted essence (daytime)
rkyang ma rtsa	the pulse of kyang ma (during night)
dbus ma rtsa	intermediate or optimal pulse (early morning)
'chi rtsa	death pulse
gnyid log rtsa	sleepy pulse
mig dmar rtsa	mars pulse (thigh)
rngul 'du rtsa	sweat pulse
thang sman	medicinal ash
rma skyes	pus
rma rnying	old wound
rma nad	sores and ulcers. There are two kinds: ltan skyes (contitutional) and klo bur rkyen (by accidental cause)
rma mtshan	scar
rma ro	scab
'khru gzhi	diarrhoea See 'khru nad	Nosology
shal nad	diarrhoea
gcin 'dren sbu gu	ureter
klad rgyas lta pa	bloody marrow in bones
klad sgo	the child's fontanel
gcin lam	urethra
gcin kha	"mouth of urine"
bu snod	uterus	Anatomy/Physiology
lhams	uterus (hon)
mngal grol ba	child delivery
mngal sgrib	contamination of the womb caused by childbirth
mngal 'dzin pa	to conceive
mngal nad	moenorrhagia
mngal rlugs pa	abortion
mngal rlugs par byed pa	to cause abortion
bu snod mthil shabs	fundus of the uterus	Anatomy/Physiology
skye lam	vagina
bya le	clitoris
sgong ril	testes ("round egg")
rgyu gzer	colic (bile in small intestines)
gre cham	bronchial catarrh
glo cham	lung catarrh	Nosology
rims cham	influenza
thor nad	miscellaneous diseases
skad 'gag pa	hoarseness
yi 'gag	want of appetite
bdugs mi bde	breathing problem, asthma
srin nad	parasites disease Kletter, Plants: "The srin diseases represent various disorders which occur due to an imbalance in the different srin of the body. The conditions for these diseases are the consumption of an unsuitable diet and wrong behavior (which also implies underestimating any danger of contagion) and the influence of demons. Furthermore, any srin penetrating from outside may cause an imbalance in the internal srin. The disturbance of the equilibrium of the internal srin affects the three humors and throws them off balance, which may lead to contraction of a disease. "When nits and lice increase in number due to unhygienic conditions or due to the spleen disease mcher nad bad kan, a skin disease may occur."	Nosology
'dri ma 'gags pa	constipation (5 types)
gcin 'gags	blockage of urine
gcin snyi	frequent urination Kletter, Plants: "The term gcin snyi means frequent urination. "One of the conditions for this disease is the wrong diet, such as excessive consumption of salty and sweet diet and food of cool and heavy qualities. Improper behavior, such as staying in damp places for a long time, also increases bad kan and tshil (fat or fatty tissue) in the body. These unfavorable conditions lead to a disturbance in the digestive processes and to an increase in tshil. The increased tshil is not transformed into bodily constituents, but descends directly to the urinary bladder. There, the mixture of urine and tshil causes the formation of za khu. The term za khu is the Tibetan word for the pathologically transformed urine and is considered to be a harmful liquid. It is characterized by a change in color, odor, and clouding of the urine. The disease gcin snyi shows a high amount of za khu, which has a sweet taste and is turbid. Further symptoms of this disease are a sweet sensation in the mouth and a burning sensation in the palm and in the middle of the foot sole, frequent perspiration with a urine-like smell and a desire to sleep. When urinating on the ground in the open air, flies and ants are attracted by the liquid. "There are twenty different types of gcin snyi which are related to the three humors, rlung gi gcin snyi (four types), mkhri pa'i gcin snyi (six types), and bad kan gyi gcin snyi (ten types)."	Nosology
lde ga	extracts
'bri ha	dessicated sirups
'jam rtsi	suppositories, enemas
sna sbyongs	nasal cleansing
rtsa dkar po	sciatic nerve	Anatomy/Physiology
sman phan song	medicine did help
dkar po lbu ba	white mucous expelled (bronchitis)
khrog rgan gog	old blood
me tog gi cham pa	allergic to pollen
mim pu	thyroid gland
mim po	tumor under the skin
nya 'gyur	cramps in the calf muscle
grod khog gcud ril brgyab	stomach cramps
lus kyi mtshan nyid	characteristics of the body
me drod	digestive fire
chags tshul	manner of formation; embryology
'phel ba'i rkyan	cause of development/growth
btsa' ba'i rtags	signs of birth
lus kyi gnas lugs	anatomy; quantitative anatomy, amount of bodily constituents within body
'prel ba rtsa	circulatory system
gnyad pa gnad	delicate vital points
rgyu lam bu ga	the passageways
shag	bodily oil
khyor ba	one handful
spar tshad	fist-sized
brang rus	sternum	Anatomy/Physiology
tshigs chen	large joints
tshigs phran	small joints
mjing tshigs	cervical spinal column
sgal tshigs	dorsal spinal column
rked tshigs	limbal spinal column
gshug chung	coccyx
gshongs	eroded, washed away (gcong ba)
gcong ba	to be eroded, washed away
gcong med	healthy, well
zas 'ju	to digest food
dang ga 'byed	to gain appetite
srin dsod	vermifuge
rgyu srin	small intestinal worms
srin nar mo	long worms
srin leb mo	small worms
lus stobs gso	general tonic
skam dad sel	to remove thirst
gzer gcog	reduces pain
gnyan kha gcog	halts infections
grum bu rus chigs gzer ba	rheumatic pain in joints	Nosology
dren med du	fainting
lus stobs nyams pa	debility ("degeneration of bodily strength")
nus pa brgyad	the 8 powers: lji (heavy), snum (oily), bsil (cool), rtul (blunt), yang (light), rtsub (coarse), tsha (hot), rno (sharp)
khams kyi nus sa	the powers of the 4 elements
dri mnam	maloderous
'byar bag	sticky
na zug 'joms	smoothens pain
gnyen rims kyi nad	infectious disease (epidemic)
gzer zug langs	arising of sharp pain
mig sprin ser po chags pa	jaundice
rus la shen pa	adheres bones
'grams tshad	spread fevers	Nosology
dug phog pa	to get hit by poison
gshang 'brum	heamorrhoids; piles
dbugs mi bde ba	breathing discomfort, asthma
bad rlung	dizziness, vertigo
pags par shu thor	excema, psoriasis Kletter, Plants: "This refers to a contagious skin disease which arises due to an imbalance in the internal srin and an increase in chu ser. The symptoms are itchy blisters that form around the ears and which later spread to the face, arms, and legs. Scratching the itchy blisters leads to the outflow of liquid that then infects other parts of the body. When the disease becomes chronic it turns into the disorder rngo."	Nosology
za 'phrug	itch
'khrugs tshad	acute fever	Nosology
khung bu rdol ba	"opening of small holes", bursting pimples
gcin 'bebs	diuretic
gcin 'gags pa	urinary retention (12 types)	Nosology
srin gsod	heals worms
so rtsi srung	protects the top of teeth
sems 'chol	mentally disturbed mind
khong srin	internal worms
zungs khrag shan pa	anaemia	Nosology
'dzog pa sdom	"bird droppings"
khog pa bshal ba	digestive purgative
chu la blta ba	to look at urine
chab rtags la blta ba	to look at urine (hon)
zas bcud mi ldad pa	malnutrition
nad gso thabs	mode of healing
dpyad byed pa	to diagnose
gso par byed pa	to treat
gso dka'	difficult to treat
dpyi rus	pelvic bone	Anatomy/Physiology
'phongs rus	sitting bone	Anatomy/Physiology
lha ru rtse	cartilage
chu rgyus	large and small ligaments and tendons
sgrog rus	collar bone	Anatomy/Physiology
mchin dri	diaphragm	Anatomy/Physiology
rgyu sor bcu gnyis	duodenum
gsher ma	pancreas
'og sgo gnyis	anus and urethra
'zu byed kyi khongs btogs	digestive system
mig gi gzi ma	eyelashes
dres sam	powdered medicine (old word)
gnyan nad	infection Kletter, Plants: "The Tibetan word gnyan refers to the severity of these diseases and nad stands for disease. The occurrence of the diseases is due to an outer, harmful srin named par pa ta, which penetrates into the body mainly through the nose, mouth, and the pores of the skin. After entering the blood circulation, it spreads through the body and disturbs the balance of the internal srin. The par pa ta is thought to be very small and cannot be detected with the naked eye. The gnyan diseases are classified into eighteen different kinds with specific names according to the affected sites. General symptoms of gnyan nad are strong emotions such as anger, fear or crying, diarrhea, vomiting, and pain in the affected parts of the body. Advice for the treatment of these diseases includes abstaining from the consumption of dairy products and meat as well as sweet and sour food. The patient should stay in a quiet, dark room during the healing process and be cared for by friends or relatives."	Nosology
ngos 'dzin rtags	diagnostics through: blta ba (visual examination), reg pa (touch), dri ba (questioning), mthong pa yul rig (understanding of the visual objects), dpyod pa don rig (understanding of the object of examination), thos pa sgra rig (hearing and understanding the patient's voice), brta sbyor 'phrin pa (the source of communication)
mthong pa yul rig	understanding of the visual objects, one of the means of diagnosis
dpyod pa don rig	understanding of the object of examination, one of the means of diagnosis
thos pa sgra rig	earing and understanding the patient's voice, one of the means of diagnosis
sor mos reg pa	the touch by the fingers
na lugs	symptoms
bad kan skya ser	yellowish pale mucus
mthug pos gyogs	thickly coated
skya gleg	whitish pale thick
'jam la rlon	soft and moist
dri ma dugs	bad smell
dri rlangs chung	less smell and vapors
'phar pa	to beat
bying pa	sunken
gyal	yawning
'dar	shivering
bya rmyong	stretching the limbs
grang shum byed pa	having cold chills
dpyi dang rked pa	hips and waist
rus tshigs	bones and joints	Anatomy/Physiology
gzer ba nges med 'pho	uncertain moving pain
stongs skyags byed pa	dry heaves
dbang po mi gsal ba	dullness of the senses
shes pa 'tshub pa	restless mind
bkres dus na	hunger pains
snum bcud phan	oily, nutritious (food) benefits
kha kha	bitter taste in mouth
sha drod tsha ba	hotness of the body
stod gzer	pain in the upper part of the body
shu rjes na	postdigestive pain
dang kha mi bde	no appetite
kha zas 'zu ba dka'	difficulty in digesting food
kha mngal	inability to taste food
po ba 'tshings	protrusion of the stomach
ste sgreg	belching
lus sems lci la	heaviness of body and mind
phyi nang gnyis ka grang	coolness of outer and inner body
zas rjes mi bde	discomfort after eating
zas spyod dro na 'phrod	warm food and behaviour suits
shags tshul	entrance of disease into the body
gnas skabs spyod	occasional behavior
zas tshul	diet
zas tshod ran par bza'	quantities of food to be taken
nyes pa dngos ston	to ascertain the actual disorders
ngan gyo skyon brtag	diagnosis using strategies
spang blang mu bshir brtag	distinguishing the 4 categories to agree or to deny treatment
gso tshul spyi	general healing methods
gso tshul khyed par	specific healing methods	Therapeutics
brta bya	increasing weight
smyung bya	reducing weight
gso thabs dngos	actual method of healing
ma shu ba	indigestion
gcong chen zad byed	great consumption disease Tsarong, Plants, 114: glo gcong is "another name for gcong chen zad byed (Great Depletion gcong). The disorder is caused by an agitation of all body channels and opening with the result that the essential nutrients are not properly metabolized and there is the subsequent proliferation of wastes (urine, feces, and perspiration). This inevitably leads to loss of body weight, difficulty in breathing, and excessive mucal discharge from the lungs. If the disorder is not controlled in time, it can lead to various other complications."
tsha ba	fevers (16 types) Tibetan medicine recognizes the following 8 subtle types of fever: 1) unripened, 2) spreading, 3) empty, 4) hidden, 5) chronic, 6) turbid, 7) general, and 8) borderline of the mountain and plain, i.e., a period of a disorder when there is depletion of hot blood and mkhris-pa and cold bad-kan and rlung are about to manifest Kletter, Plants: "This term stands for numerous disorders which are characterized by an increase in mkhris pa. When there is an increase in mkhris pa, the humors rlung and bad kan are disturbed. They affect tsha ba in such a way that it will not increase further but rather remain at its initial stage. As mkhris pa has a hot nature, this increase influences the body heat. A large increase in mkhris pa (rgyas tshad), for example, will manifest itself as fever. "The cause of tsha ba is an imbalance of mkhris pa. Conditions for this imbalance may be the excessive consumption of food with a hot and sour taste, rich food, meat, alcohol, molasses and food of warming nature as well as wrong behavior for a prolonged period. This includes strenuous physical work, staying in the sun, wearing warm clothing in extremely hot weather and sleeping during the day in the hot season. The tsha ba is classified according to the factors which influence the manifestations of these diseases: the age of the patient, the duration of the disease, the influence of the three humors, blood and chu ser on tsha ba, the location of tsha ba in the body, the nature and the temporary state of the disease as well as the types of tsha ba. "1. Age of the patient (rten gyi dbye ba): Childhood (byis pa), adult age (dar ma), old age (rgan); tsha ba exhibits different symptoms according to the age of the patient. "2. Duration of the disease (dus kyi dbye ba): New (gsar) or old (rnying); new refers to a recent case of tsha ba, while old indicates a long existing tsha ba which the physician failed to treat in time. "3. Influence of the humors (nyes pa'i dbye ba): The three humors and blood and chu ser will influence the appearance of tsha ba symptoms when tsha ba is related to them. "4. Location of tsha ba (gnas kyi dbye ba): Outside, middle, and inside; outside (phyi) refers to skin (lpags), muscle tissue (sha), nerves, veins, arteries (rtsa); middle (bar) means bones (rus) and bone marrow (rkang); inside (nang) refers to vital organs (don) and hollow organs (snod). "5. Nature of the disease (rgyud kyi dbye ba): Simple (rang rgyud can) or combined (gzhan rgyud can); simple indicates that mkhris pa is the only cause of tsha ba and therefore clear symptoms are visible; combined means that the cause of a specific disease is mkhris pa (which increases tsha ba) in combination with other humors and hence the diseases show mixed symptoms. "6. Temporary state (gnas skabs dbye ba): Immature (ma smin), extreme (rgyas pa), empty (stongs), hidden (gab), chronic (rnying) and complicated (rnyongs); immature indicates that tsha ba is not fully developed yet; extreme refers to the extreme increase in tsha ba; empty means that tsha ba is related to rlung; hidden signifies the relation to bad kan that conceals the tsha ba symptoms; chronic refers to the chronic stage of tsha ba and complicated indicates that tsha ba is difficult to cure due to the fact that it is mixed with other humors or other diseases. "7. Types of tsha ba (rigs kyi dbye ba): Spread ('grams), disturbed ('khrugs), contagious (rims), and toxic (dug); spread indicates that tsha ba is disseminated in the whole body; disturbed means that it is mixed with other humors and therefore the production of the seven bodily constituents is disturbed; contagious indicates that tsha ba may be passed on to other persons and toxic means that tsha ba is contracted in the course of poisoning."	Nosology
tsha spyi	general fever	Nosology
gal mdo	synthesis of cold and hot disease--symptoms include cold but there is heat disorder
ri thang mtshams	fever called "junction of the base of the mountain and plain"	Nosology
rgyas pa	fully-developed fever	Nosology
stongs pa	empty (wind-) fever	Nosology
gab pa	hidden fever Tsarong, Handbook: "An inflammation or fever which has not fully manifested itself through body temperature, the pulse, or the urine."	Nosology
rtings pa	chronic fever (20 days-1 year)	Nosology
'grams pa	spreading fever	Nosology
'khrugs pa	disturbed fever (bile)	Nosology
rims dang	contagious heat disorder
'brum pa	Kletter, Plants: "These are various contagious diseases which are divided into two groups, white ('brum pa dkar po) and black ('brum pa nag po) diseases. The white as well as the black ones each encompasses three types. This classification corresponds to the rgyud bzhi…. The causes and conditions for the occurrence of the 'brum pa diseases are the same as those for the rims diseases. "The initial stage of all 'brum pa diseases is characterized by pain in the joints, shivering, lack of appetite, a bitter taste in the mouth, lethargy, listlessness and forgetfulness. In particular, the patient has headaches, a strong, rapid heartbeat; the skin turns red, hardens and is very sensitive to contact with clothing. The patient vomits bile and feels severe pain in the limbs, especially in the hips and the lumbar region. In a later stage, when the disease matures, 'brum pa is characterized by pimples and frequent sneezing. When the pimples spread all over the body, the patient feels slightly better. "The white 'brum pa disease is caused by disturbance of bad kan and rlung. "The black 'brum pa disease is caused by an increase in chu ser nag po and a disturbance in all three humors. The diseases does not produce similar pimples but leads to severe pain and oedema in all parts of the body."	Nosology
gag lhog	swelling of the throat Tsarong, Plants, 113: "A contagious disorder that affects that throat and uvula and impedes swallowing." Exhibition: "This is a combined name for two different diseases, namely gag pa and lhog pa. Gag pa denotes diphtheria, and lhog pa an infectious disease of the muscle tissue" Gag pa is an infectious disease of the throat and uvula, where obstruction or blockage of the cavity is the main symptom. Lhog pa is a disease of the muscle tissue caused by infection, which is like bubbling water in appearance, hence the name
tshad 'khru	dystentary (hot diarrhea) See 'khru nad.	Nosology
dreg nad	Kletter, Plants: "The disease dreg exhibits some symptoms which are similar to those of gout. The conditions for the occurrence of this disease are excessive consumption of food with a hot taste, meat, alcohol, fatty food and wrong behavior such as sleeping during the day and having a lack of sleep during the night, strenuous work, heavy pressure on arms and legs and excessive sexual intercourse. These conditions lead to a disturbance of blood. In such cases, if a patient adopts diet and behavior which increase rlung, rlung moves in the wrong direction and hampers the circulation of blood. "The disorder dreg is classified in four types relating to the three humors and blood. Each type of dreg is characterized by an increase in the specific humor or in impure blood in the body. "One general symptom of this diseases is strong pain in the lumbar region, the thighs and the knee joint. A period of pain is followed by pain-free intervals. Furthermore, the patient will suffer from pain in the knee and the calf and at the same time from an itching sensation in these areas. When he moves he experiences a feeling as if his bones were breaking. "In the beginning, the disease is mainly located in the skin and the blood of the big toes and the elbows. The affected area is red and warm. It exhibits bluish spots and is hard and painful. A further symptom is the urge to stretch the arms and legs in a similar way as one does after waking up of when one feels tired. At this stage in its development the disease is easy to cure. When it turns chronic, the disease affects the nerves, muscle tissue, fatty tissue, joints, tendons and ligaments. The stricken areas are swollen and very painful. At this chronic stage the Tibetan physicians consider the disease difficult to cure."	Nosology
pags pa'i nad	skin diseases
phran bu'i nad	minor diseases
lhan skyes kyi rma	congenital defects
sur ya	"sunlike" cancerous sores abcesses caused by tumoral growths in the ducts of the organs	Nosology
rmen bu'i nad	lymph node swellings a "flesh disorder" in which lumps appear in the glands because of a lymph disorder Kletter, Plants: "This term refers to diseases affecting the lymph nodes (rmen bu). According to the medical texts the lymph nodes develop from blood, muscle tissue, and fatty tissue. The nodes are lumpy and oval in shape. They are located near the ears and in the neck, and in other parts of the body such as the arm pits and groin. Any diseases spreading in the body and affecting the lymph nodes is regarded as a rmen bu disease. The rmen bu are influenced by bad kan but also by disturbances of blood and rlung. "There are eight types of rmen bu diseases. They all produce swelling of the lymph nodes and are connected to the three humors, blood, muscle tissue, fatty tissue, veins and arteries. "1. rlung gyur gyi rmen bu: This disorder, which is related to rlung, is characterized by a large sack-like protuberance. "2. mkhris gyur gyi rmen bu: This diseases is connected to mkhris pa and leads to swollen nodes which are red to yellow in color. The patient experiences a warm, burning sensation in the affected lymph nodes accompanied by pain. At a later stage pus may be produced. "3. khrag rmen: This disease is related to blood and affects the vessels. The swellings are red-colored and warm and there is an increase in tsha ba. "4. bad kan gyi rmen bu: This disease is influenced by bad kan; it is less painful and the nodes are pale. The swellings are hard and there is a cold feeling in this area. This type of rmen bu disease takes a long time to mature. "5. sha rmen: This disease affects the nodes which are related to the muscle tissue. They are swollen, hard and very large. The outside of the swollen nodes has a greasy appearance and protruding blood vessels. "6. tshil rmen: This disease affects fatty tissue and is characterized by white swollen nodes that cause a cold sensation in this area. If the patient maintains his weight, the nodes do not grow. If, however, a patient loses weight, the nodes increase in size. "7. rtsa rmen: This disease affects lymph nodes which are related to the veins and arteries. The nodes are painful when pressed and move around when touched. "8. 'bras rmen: This is characterized by oval-shaped, hard swellings that grow deep inside the body. Any increase or decrease in the swelling only occurs very slowly. "At the initial stage of the rmen bu diseases, the growth of the lymph nodes does not greatly affect the body. When the diseases advance, however, they become difficult to cure. The growth of the nodes is accompanied by different symptoms. Some grow rapidly but cause no pain, while others grow slowly but are very painful. Some lymph nodes do not change much in size but become very hard or contain pus. "On the other hand, the growth of lymph nodes can also be triggered by other diseases. They also may develop into hard structures which are similar in consistency to a frozen turnip and contain no pus and affect the vessels. When these nodes reach an advanced stage, cracks can be seen in the skin. These diseases are difficult to cure."	Nosology
rlig rlugs	hydrocele
mtshan par rdol ba	anul fistula	Nosology
smyo byed	insanity
gza'	epilepsy
ske yi rma	wounds in the neck
yan lag gi rma	wounds at the 4 limbs
gyur pa'i dug	"transformed" poisoning
dug dngos	"natural" poisoning See dug.	Nosology
khu ba gso	curing the semen, rejuvenation
bud med btsal ba	(including fertility in women)
brtag pa rtsa chu	examination of pulse and urine
zhi byed sman	internal pacifying medicine
sbyong byed las	methods of examination
'jam rtsub dpyad	gentle and rough accessory treatments
lte gu	syrups
snum 'chos	medicines prepared from oil
gshal	laxatives
ni ru ha rgyab pa	injecting medicine through the rectum
rtsa sbyong	diuretica
gnas lugs nad gzhi	the basis of physical disorders (pathophysiology)
'bras bu srog gcod pa	the result of cutting one's lifeforce, mortal side-effects
ldog pa'i rgyu	reaction imbalances
gnad du babs	piercing of solid organs ("points have been taken (by weapon)")
dus 'das	beyond treatment ("beyond time")
gtsubs shing dag las me 'byung mtshungs	like fire arises from the friction of wood
khrag gis tul te	with blood (-diseases) it is putrid
dum bur chad	to be separated in fractions
sa bon byed mi nus	the seed does not have the potential
bshin ras ngan pa	ugly face; acne
skyes pa 'dod pa	desiring a man
kha zum	close the mouth (of the uterus, in embyrology)
bye las	hermaphrodite
gzugs mi sdug	deformed body ("form is not pleasing")
'dod pa ngoms	desire is satisfied
lus snyom lci ba	body is exhausted and heavy
goms pas bya ba	previous life-imprints
'phel rkyen	the conditions of growth
nur nur po ru 'gyur	becoming elongated
mi rgyud kyi	genetic
'khor lugs	environment
zas ma nus	malnutrition
zas kyi gnyon po	food remedies
skom gyi gnyen po	beverage remedies
'bru mar	grain oil
sgog skya	garlic	Pharmacy
dron mo	gentle warmth
skyabs tshod ma	grey dandilion	Pharmacy
skya rbab	1st stage oedema (water retention causing swelling) Tsarong, Plants, 116: "This is one of the 6 different types of gcong disorders. According to the rgyud bzhi, due to improper metabolism, the nutritional essences from ingested food-stuffs and beverages, processed primarily by the liver, are not able to convert it into essential nutrients (zung) that sustain the mind/body. Hence, there is a proliferation of bad blood and serous fluids that are dispersed by rlung affecting, specifically, the muscle tissue and the skin which subsequently become swollen and whitish in color." See chu nad.	Nosology
'or	2nd stage oedema (water retention causing swelling) Tsarong, Handbook: "A metabolic disorder in which the essential nutrients and the bodily wastes (sweat, urine, etc) are mixed up and go into the liver. From there, they are discharged between the muscle tissues and the skin" See chu nad.	Nosology
dmu chu	3rd stage oedema (water retention causing swelling) Tsarong, Plants, 113: "A chronic fluid that spreads both within and without the five vital and six vessel organs." Tsarong, Handbook: "This is a type of bad kan which afflicts all the vital and vessel organs of the body. It is also part of the 16 gcong nad disorders and deals primarily with the blockage of bodily fluids." See chu nad.	Nosology
rnyogs pa	turbid fever (blood-lymph)	Nosology
thur dpyad	spoon surgery
gzhi	the allegorical tree of mind-body
lcags dreg	gastritis; iron slag	Nosology Pharmacy
rnying tshad	chronic fever; also called tshad rnying. Kletter, Plants: "This term refers to chronic tsha ba diseases. They are subdivided into diseases which are influenced by rlung (rlung ldan) and those not influenced by rlung (rlung med). "1. Chronic tsha ba diseases not influenced by rlung (rlung med): Patients suffering from these diseases exhibit the following symptoms. They have a greasy face, the skin color turns dark and the hard palate becomes dry. The eyes become reddish and watery and begin to burn. The patients like to stay in shady places and prefer eating cold diets. They perspire profusely and sleep very long. In addition, they fell pain at noon and at dusk. "2. Chronic tsha ba diseases influenced by rlung (rlung ldan): Patients with tsha ba diseases who consume food which promotes an increase in rlung can easily develop a rlung ldan disease. The symptoms are similar to those mentioned above, but the patients are weaker, they tremble and perspire more even if they do not move. They also experience pain in the joints."	Nosology
mngal shur ba	abortion
mngal 'don	abortion
skye shor	abortion (spontaneous)
dos drag can gyi	acute, serious
tshabs chen gyi	acute, serious
me tshan tsan	A phrase meaning "about the size of a goat's head"
me lha'i zhal du btab	A phrase meaning "to burn medicine in an airtight container without letting the smoke escape."
rma phab pa	This is the name for the process by which the power and fragrance of the plants are retained by chopping them into pieces, through which the juices are released. If the plants are left to dry without being processed in this way, they will have no power and taste.
thor bu'i nad	diseases that occur suddenly; miscellaneous diseases (?)
brgyal gzer	seizures PERSONAL NOTE: in most books on diseases this is not mentioned. Strange. 7/15/02: Yangkar says this: it is caused by very small animals in the brain (srin) that cause seizures. Srin are tiny animals like parasites that live off other animals/humans. This diseases is not discussed in the Four Tantras but is discussed in the Man ngag lhan thabs.	Nosology
bad kan smug po	a chronic hepatic gastro intestinal disease, characterized by a simultaneous combination of rlung, mkhris pa, bad kan and blood disorders See bad kan nad. Tsarong, Plants, 117: "This refers to a disorder known as "Brown bad kan". It is a combined disorder of rlung, mkhris pa, bad kan, blood, and serous fluids. The "brown" refers to a combination of colors since the natural color of rlung is blue, mkhris pa is yellow, bad kan is white, blood is red, and serous fluids are yellow. The original cause of this disorder is the proliferation of the Earth and water proto-elements that subsequently bring about lack of stomachal heat and indigestion. This, in turn, leads to improper metabolism and a proliferation of bad blood and serous fluids." Tsarong, Handbook: "Literally, "darkish-brown bad kan". This is a bad kan disorder that is mixed with rlung, mkhris pa, blood and serum. Its immediate cause is an excess of Earth and Water proto-elements within the body which thereby impair body metabolism (both anabolism and katabolism)." Kletter, Plants: "The diseases called bad kan smug po belong to the category of complex bad kan diseases. They arise when all three humors… and also blood and chu ser are disturbed and become intermingled. The name smug po (brown) is derived from the dark color that the mixing of the three humors, blood and chu ser produces. This dark color is manifested in the vomit and the feces of the patients. The diseases may be either located in those parts where the humors exert their influence (bad kan in the stomach, blood in the liver, mkhris pa in the small intestine, and rlung in the large intestine) or they may be manifested in other parts of the body. The location of the diseases is also classified according to outside and inside. Outside refers to muscles, skin, nerves, and joints, inside to the black and red life-sustaining channels. When muscles and skin are affected, signs of chu ser diseases can be recognized. When the nerves and joints are concerned, similar symptoms to the disorders grum bu appear and are treated similarly. The bad kan smug po diseases of the black and red life-sustaining channels give rise to headaches and disorders of the five vital organs. "The bad kan smug po diseases may be hot or cold. "1. Hot bad kan smug po diseases (bad kan smug po yas babs). The cause for a hot bad kan smug po disease is an increase in impure blood. The high amount of impure blood has various reasons. One reason may be an unsuitable diet such as an excessive intake of very rich food or the consumption of a diet of hot and sour taste. This wrong diet leads to an increase in impure blood in the liver. Another reason for a large amount of impure blood in the body is bleeding injuries caused by weapons or dirty objects. This contaminated blood remaining in the body is considered to be impure blood that flows to the liver. A further reason for the development of these diseases is tsha ba that leads to the spreading of impure blood in the body. "If the patient continues to consume the wrong diet, more impure blood is produced in the liver. Then, the impure blood flows back into the stomach and intermingles with bad kan. Afterwards, impure blood and bad kan move into the small intestine, where they mix with mkhris pa and then flow into the large intestine and intermingle with rlung. The main characteristic of a hot bad kan smug po disease is that it is generated in the liver and moves to the large intestine. The designation yas babs - yas (upper) and babs (falling down) - refers to this. "2. Cold bad kan smug po diseases (bad kan smug po mas chags). The cold bad kan smug po is induced by an improper diet and food which is difficult to digest. Under such conditions, excessive gastric juices are produced, thereby weakening the power of the digestive mkhris pa and the fire-like rlung in the stomach and disrupting the digestive progress. As a consequence, the essence and the waste matter of the food do not get separated properly, but get mixed up and flow to the liver. There, due to the presence of the waste matter of the food, the formation of blood is disturbed and impure blood is produced, which flows back to the stomach. This disturbance of the digestive processes leads to an increase in bad kan in the stomach. As bad kan has a cold nature, a cold disease results. The main characteristic of a cold bad kan smug po disease is that it remains at the place where it begins. The designation mas chags - mas referring to stomach and chags meaning "resides in the place where it begins" - refers to this."	Nosology
gag pa	Gag pa is an infectious disease of the throat and uvula, where obstruction or blockage of the cavity is the main symptom. Gag pa is sometimes said to denote diphtheria Kletter, Plants: "It is considered a serious disease which affects the larynx, the uppermost region of the trachea and the uvula. Some of the apparent symptoms are a think, sticky, whitish coating on the tongue, small pimples on the tongue, lips, palate and mucous membrane of the cheeks, a burning sensation in the throat, difficulties swallowing and a loss of voice. "The disease is classified into four types according to the shape and color of the pimples located in the oral cavity: pho gag, mo gag, bu gag, and gnyan gag. The male type has big, pale pimples; the female one shows big, red, cup-shaped pimples that are scattered all over the oral cavity; the son or daughter type reveals tiny, flat, white pimples. Those belonging to the last type are reminiscent of tortoise shells because of their shape and the uneven surface."	Nosology
glo gcong	Tsarong, Plants, 114: "Another name for gcong chen zad byed (Great Depletion gcong). The disorder is caused by an agitation of all body channels and opening with the result that the essential nutrients are not properly metabolized and there is the subsequent proliferation of wastes (urine, feces, and perspiration). This inevitably leads to loss of body weight, difficulty in breathing, and excessive mucal discharge from the lungs. If the disorder is not controlled in time, it can lead to various other complications." See glo nad.	Nosology
khrag rlung	Tsarong, Plants, 114: "A disorder where the proliferation of bad blood affects rlung which subsequently rises to the upper part of the body and specifically fills up the respiratory tract and channels."	Nosology
me bal	Tsarong, Plants, 114: "A contagious disorder that primarily affects the skin which subsequently appears to be burnt by fire."	Nosology
ngan khrag	impure blood -- produced in the liver under pathological conditions Tsarong, Plants, 115: "Because of improper metabolism within the liver, the nutritional essences (dangs ma) and the wastes (snyigs ma) are not properly separated and hence, there is a proliferation of impure blood within the blood vessels." Kletter, Plants: "Impure blood is produced in the liver under pathological conditions. Due to consumption of an unsuitable diet, the function of the fire-like rlung in the stomach is disturbed and the essence and the waste matter of food are not separated properly. As a consequence, a mixture of essence and waste matter flows into the liver, where impure blood is produced. Leaving the liver, the impure blood enters the circulatory system. "Symptoms revealing the presence of impure blood are dark lips, dark skin (especially the face), and the whites of the eyes turning reddish brown."
pho rlung	Tsarong, Plants, 115: "A rlung disorder that affects the stomach. Its symptoms are indigestion, eructation, emesis, stomachal rumblings, flatulence, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, and difficulty in breathing."	Nosology
snying rlung	Tsarong, Plants, 117: "Its symptoms are shivering, fullness of upper bodily region, lack of concentration, nonsensical speech, insomnia, headache, vertigo, and disorders of the skin."	Nosology
srog rlung	Tsarong, Handbook: "Once this rlung manifests itself as a disorders, it primarily afflicts the central nervous system bringing about the following symptoms: wavering or flitting of consciousness; difficulty in inhaling; difficulty in swallowing; constant fear or anxiety; insomnia; shivering of body; excessive sweating. Prolonged inability to treat this disorder may very well lead to madness or other psychosis."	Nosology Anatomy/Physiology
rlung srog 'dzin	Tsarong, Handbook: "Once this rlung manifests itself as a disorders, it primarily afflicts the central nervous system bringing about the following symptoms: wavering or flitting of consciousness; difficulty in inhaling; difficulty in swallowing; constant fear or anxiety; insomnia; shivering of body; excessive sweating. Prolonged inability to treat this disorder may very well lead to madness or other psychosis."	Nosology Anatomy/Physiology
bad kan skya rbab	a disease caused by taking a cool and heavy quality diet and indulgence in similar behavioral habits, which results in indigestion and therefore the essence of the food cannot be processed into a "physical constituent" (which here would be blood) in the liver and instead forms bad blood and chu ser, which are dispersed by the wind and spread throughout the body. This causes an accumulation of fluid in the body. This diseases is sometimes translated as "edemia", sometimes as "anemia". Tsarong, Handbook: "This disorder is part of a group of 16 diseases known as gcong nad, or weakening disorder. It is basically a chronic metabolic disorder in which there is gradual depletion of the seven bodily sustainers. In this case, due to improper metabolism, the liver does not function properly and the blood becomes "bad" or impure. There is subsequently a marked increase in blood serum which is then dispersed by rlung to various parts of the body. The skin, muscle tissues, and the blood itself are afflicted and the complexion either becomes pale-white or greenish-blue." See chu nad.	Nosology
bad kan skya bo	same as bad kan skya rbab	Nosology
bad kan ser po	Tsarong, Handbook: "Overflowing of bile from the gall bladder. The pulse becomes slow and weak and the urine color becomes yellow. There is a lack of appetite and a feeling of fullness in the stomach. This disorder may change into cold mkhris pa or bad kan smug po." See bad kan nad	Nosology
chu ser nag po	black lymph fluid disorder Kletter, Plants: "This term refers to a disorder which is caused by intermingling of increased mkhris pa, blood and tsha ba. This disease matures during the hot season when a person is exposed to too much sun of the heat of a fire and drinks alcohol. It shows the general symptoms of chu ser diseases and spreads to all parts of the body including the muscles, bones, vital and hollow organs. The symptoms vary depending on the site of the entry." See chu ser nad.	Nosology
glad gzer	this diseases is communicative and causes death; a high temperature occurs. Was very common in villages. (Maybe meningitis?)	Nosology
lhen	a disorder in the region of the cardiac sphincter	Nosology
sha bkra	leucoderma, where skin is discolored in patches	Nosology
bas ldags	a skin disorder with pale complexion and pimples	Nosology
gyan pa	itching of the skin, as in scabies	Nosology
glang shu	similar to the skin disorder called bas ldags, with small sores	Nosology
za kong	a very contagious disease involving hair loss from the pores and a bluish complexion	Nosology
ngo khah	a skin disorder with dark patches on the face	Nosology
'ju ske ma	a chronic consumptive disorder which is a malnutrition syndrome caused by the presence of parasites related to phlegm	Nosology
bal nad	a type of contagious fever disorder affected by an imbalance of each of the humors	Nosology
'bras nad	Kletter, Plants: "The 'bras diseases arise due to a disturbance of the three humors…in the stomach induced by unsuitable diet and behavior. Therefore, the digestive processes are disturbed and impure blood and chu ser are produced. The impure blood and chu ser enter the circulatory system and spread throughout the body. As the humors are imbalanced, the influence of imbalanced rlung causes a change in the nature of impure blood, which becomes more solid in certain parts of the body. This solid state manifests itself as tumors in different parts of the body. The consistency and shape of these swellings is said to be similar to the fruit of oak trees, hard and protruding. The similarity of this fruit, be 'bras, to the tumors gave these diseases their name. The tumors are considered to extract the nutrients from the body to support their own growth and thus weaken the body. Some physicians consider 'bras to be malignant tumors. "There are 18 'bras diseases. In general, 'bras diseases are classified according to location and type: "1. Locations: The locations are specified as outside and inside. Outside means that the tumors are located on the outside of muscle tissue, bones, nerves, veins or arteries. Inside means that the tumors occur inside the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, stomach, large intestine, rectum and urinary bladder. 2. Type: There are six types. Three of the types relate to the three humors, one to blood, and another type includes those 'bras diseases which have been caused by weapon injuries. The last type is named bye 'bras and is characterized by a tumor the size of a bird's egg"	Nosology
'brum bu	synonym for 'brum pa	Nosology
'khru nad	Kletter, Plants: "The 'khru diseases are manifested as diarrhea and arise when the digestive power in the stomach is weakened. Causes for the 'khru diseases are an increase in bad kan and rlung in the small and large intestine, the transport of mkhris khu to the stomach and intestines and the moving of tsha ba from the liver to the lower part of the entrails. There are eight types of 'khru diseases which are all related to indigestion, weak digestive power, the three humors and to a combination of them. The condition for the occurrence of these diseases is wrong diet, e.g., cold food, unripe fruit, raw vegetables and food a person is not familiar with or which has been stored under unsanitary conditions. "There are hot and cold 'khru diseases. "1. Hot 'khru diseases (tsha 'khru): The presence of mkhris khu in the stomach and intestines and of tsha ba in the entrails generates a hot 'khru disease. "Persons with poor digestion who stay in a warm climate for some time and consume the wrong diet may suffer from a rise in tsha ba in the liver. The increased tsha ba may lead to inflammation and cause a bloody stool. The symptoms are a burning sensation in the stomach, the anus and the small intestine, a yellowish or dark brown stool or a yellowish red stool with pungent odor and no control over bowel movements. "2. Cold 'khru diseases (grang 'khru): An increase in rlung and bad kan in the stomach reduces the digestive power and leads to cold 'khru diseases. "The cold 'khru diseases cause no pain but rumbling in the intestines and a watery, foamy stool."	Nosology
bad kan nad	Kletter, Plants: "The bad kan diseases arise due to a disturbance of the humor bad kan, which may lead to an increase or decrease of this humor or an intermingling with other humors. The bad kan diseases are classified in two categories, single and complex. The single diseases are generated by the imbalance of bad kan, which further leads to a disturbance of the other humors. The imbalanced humors do not get mixed up but remain separate. In contrast, the complex bad kan diseases arise due to the intermingling of bad kan with other humors and diseases "1. The single bad kan diseases: They are, in turn, divided into general and specific diseases. The general ones encompass thirteen disorders and are arranged according to type and location. The specific bad kan diseases represent fifteen different disorders. They arise due to an imbalance in bad kan alone, or bad kan and mkhris pa, or bad kan and rlung. "2. The complex bad kan diseases: They include two types of disorders, one yellow (bad kan ser po) and one brown type (bad kan smug po). The bad kan diseases are triggered by wrong diet and behavior. One condition for the development of these diseases is the excessive consumption of food with bitter and sweet taste and heavy, cool and oily qualities. This includes food such as wheat and beans; raw, partially cooked or burned vegetables; animal fat; oils extracted from cereals; goat butter; bone marrow; goat meat and rotten meat; raw goat milk; curd as well as cold water and tea. In general, consuming excessive amounts of food or eating again before the food in the stomach has been digested generates bad kan diseases. "Another condition is wrong behavior which includes sleeping during the day, resting after meals, living in damp places for a long time, swimming outdoors during the cold season and not being dressed warmly enough during cold weather. "General symptoms of the bad kan diseases are a loss of sense of taste, pale tongue and gums. The whites of the eyes get whiter, swelling appears all over the body, particularly of the eyelid, and the production of sputum and nasal secretion increases. Further general symptoms are drowsiness, lethargy, loss of appetite and body heat, decrease in digestive function, a feeling of cold, pain in the lumbar and the kidney region, goiter, vomiting of undigested food or diarrhea. The patients put on weight, become forgetful, listless and tend to sleep too much. The skin itches and they experience stiff fingers and joints. "The symptoms of bad kan diseases become more apparent in the morning, at dusk and right after meals."	Nosology
bad kan smug po mas chags	See bad kan smug po	Nosology
bad kan smug po yas babs	See bad kan smug po	Nosology
bad kan srin	Kletter, Plants: "This term refers to srin, which may cause diseases that show the same general symptoms as bad kan diseases. The specific symptoms of such a disease are poor digestion, loss of appetite, discharge of a sticky, mucous secretion from the mouth and occasional unconsciousness. The patient catches rims diseases and a common cold easily. He vomits frequently and loses bodily strength."	Nosology
bad mkhris	Kletter, Plants: "The term bad mkhris refers to a combination of a bad kan and a mkhris pa disease and therefore shows signs of both of them. Symptoms of this disease are headache, loss of appetite, nausea and difficulty in opening the eyes due to severe headache. When the headache is induced by weather changes or when it occurs mainly in the morning, then bad kan is disturbed. When the headache is experienced more during the day, the mkhris pa is increased."	Nosology
khrag	One of the seven bodily constituents, formed in the liver as part of the digestive process. Has a hot nature. Kletter, Plants: "The term pure blood (zungs khrag) refers to the blood which is necessary for the functioning of the body, while impure blood (ngan khrag) is produced in the liver under pathological conditions."	Anatomy/Physiology
zungs khrag	pure blood -- refers to the blood which is necessary for the functioning of the body	Anatomy/Physiology
lus zungs bdun	Bodily constituents: there are seven: the nutritional essence, blood, muscle, tissue, fat or fatty tissue, bones, marrow and regenerative fluid. Kletter, Plants: "Except for the nutritional essence, each of the constituents is thought to be comprised of essence (dangs ma) and waste matter (snyigs ma). "1. Nutritional essence (dangs ma): The consumed food is separated in the stomach into nutritional essence and waste matter. The nutritional essence flows through nine channels to the liver, while the waste matter of the food streams into the intestines to turn into feces and urine. In the liver the nutritional essence is transformed into blood. "2. blood (khrag): Some fractions of the essence of the blood are transformed into muscle tissue, while the remaining essence of the blood sustains the body. The waste matter of the blood is transported to the gall bladder, where it is transformed into mkhris khu. "3. muscle tissue (sha): Some fraction of the essence of the muscle tissue are transformed into fat, while the waste matter of the muscle tissue turns into the body odor and bodily impurities of the ears, eyes, and skin. "4. fat or fatty tissue (tshil): Some fractions of the essence of the fatty tissue are transformed into bone, while the waste matter of the fatty tissue is turned into perspiration and accounts for the oily nature of the skin. "5. bones (rus): Some fractions of the essence of the bones are transformed into bone marrow, while the waste mater of the bones is turned into teeth, nails, and body hair. "6. marrow (rkang): Some fractions of the essence of the marrow are transformed into regenerative fluid, while the waste matter of the marrow turns into feces and accounts for the oily nature of the skin pores. "7. regenerative fluid (khu ba): The regenerative fluid consists of essence and waste matter. The essence flows to the heart and from there throughout the body. It is responsible for the luster of the skin and for sustaining life. The waste matter represents egg cells and sperm cells. The male part is called khu ba dkar po, and the female part is called khu ba dmar po."	Anatomy/Physiology
cham rims	Kletter, Plants: "This disease is also called rims cham. This term represents one category of the rims diseases and refers to a severe and contagious type of common cold accompanied by high fever."	Nosology
rims cham	Same as cham rims	Nosology
changs pa	a measure of length used to gauge diameter; one changs pa is the diameter of a circle formed by joining the tips and the thumb and index finger (about 4 cm)	Measurement
chu bsags	Kletter, Plants: "The name chu bsags or chu bsags pa'i nad is used as a synonym for chu diseases and refers to all three types which are mentioned under this heading. These diseases are triggered by an unsuitable diet (consisting of hot and sour food or food which is hard to digest) and wrong behavior, leading to an increase in impure blood and chu ser in the body. The impure blood and chu ser spread in the body and the patients show signs of fluid accumulation in the body with breathing problems, loss of appetite and difficulty in digesting and urinating."	Nosology
chu nad	Kletter, Plants: "These diseases may be divided into three types, skya rbab, 'or, and dmu chu, according toe the different stages in the development of the diseases. Two types, 'or and dmu chu, may be manifested as hot (tsha chu) and cold (grang chu) disorders." "1. skya rbab: The name of the skya rbab diseases refers to the color of the skin and the swelling that the patients exhibit; skya means pale and rbab swelling. The diseases are triggered by improper diet that is hard to digest and by wrong behavior. The digestive processes are disturbed by these unfavorable conditions, which leads to an increase in impure blood in the liver and an increase in chu ser in the gall bladder. Then, the impure blood and chu ser flow throughout the whole body due to the influence of rlung and exhibit the symptoms or skya rbab. The swelling appears particularly on the upper eye lid, the shin and the instep. The swelling may subside and reappear again. If they are not treated in time, skya rbab will develop into the 'or diseases and become chronic. "2. 'or: The 'or diseases are triggered by an improper diet which disturbs the three humors… in the stomach. The imbalance of these humors leads to production of impure blood in the liver. The impure blood flows under the skin and into the muscle tissue, causing an increase in chu ser there. Due to this increase, chu ser circulates in the body and leads to swelling. It tends to flow downwards, to the legs when in an upright position, or to the respective side when the patient is lying on his side. The 'or diseases will develop into the dmu chu diseases is they are not treated in time. "3. dmu chu: "The dmu chu diseases will arise when the balance of the three humors, blood and chu ser are disturbed by improper diet and wrong behavior. This includes consuming food of a cooling nature and drinking too many cold beverages after strenuous physical activity. Persons suffering from indigestion or diarrhea are liable to be afflicted with dmu chu diseases when consuming an improper diet. Wrong behavior includes staying in damp places for a prolonged period. After having been recently afflicted with tsha ba diseases, the excessive consumption of a cooling medicine and venesection, which is inappropriate for the patient and that time, favor the occurrence of these diseases. The dmu chu diseases represent a chronic state of chu nad."	Nosology
chu ser nad	Kletter, Plants: "These are various diseases arising from an increase in impure blood and chu ser in the body. General symptoms are small, flat pimples, itching, swelling of various parts of the body (sometimes of the whole body), darkening and roughening of the skin and loss of hair from head and eyebrows."	Nosology
chu ser dkar po	Kletter, Plants: "This term refers to a disorder which is caused by increased rlung and bad kan after intermingling with increased chu ser." See chu ser nad.	Nosology
dug	Kletter, Plants: "The term dug encompasses everything which is harmful to the human being. In Tibetan medicine three main types of poison are distinguished: man-made poisons (spyar dug), food poisons (zas dug), and natural poisons (dngos dug). Man-made poisons are all the substances which are produced by humans to harm or kill other human beings. Food poisons are divided into incompatible poison and meat poison. Incompatible poison refers to harmful food combinations in the body. This incompatibility may originate from the simultaneous consumption of foodstuffs that do not harmonize. Meat poison refers to rotten meat or poisoned meat. The natural poisons are considered to be either mobile or immobile. Mobile refers to poisonous animals and immobile to poisonous plants."	Nosology
spyar dug	man-made poisons See dug.
zas dug	food poison See dug
dug tshad	Kletter, Plants: "This term refers to a combination of tsha ba and dug. When a person is affected by dug tshad, the dug moves with the nutritional essence (dangs ma) through the body. Due to the