OUTLINE of The Ruby Key: A General History of Tibet

Tupten Püntsok

Thub bstan phun tshogs (1996). Bod kyi lo rgyus spyi don padma ra'a ga'i lde mig. Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang. 2 volumes. [Not listed in Martin (1997)].

Tupten Püntsok, from Degé (sde dge), is a member of the Tibetan Language Teaching and Research Section of the Central Institute of Nationalities, Beijing (Krung dbyang mi rigs slob grwa chen mo'i bod yig slob dpyod; see Introduction 15)

Volume I

Introduction 1-15

Index 1-11

1. The Prehistoric Age (bskal pa ya thog gi skor) 1-41

1.1 Tibetan Geographic Features (bod kyi sa khams chags tshul) 1

1.2 Tibetan People of the Prehistoric Age (bskal pa ya thog gi bod mi) 11

1.2.1 The Origins of Human Beings (mi yi ’gro ba byung tshul) 11

1.2.2 Common Methods of Production and Livelihood (thun mong gi thon skyed dang ’tsho ba spyod tshul) 14

1.2.3 The Clan Divisions of Tibetans (bod mi'i rus gyes tshul) 16

1.3 The Culture of Prehistoric Tibetans (bskal pa ya thog gi bod mi'i shes rig) 25

1.3.1 Paleolithic Culture (rdo chas rnying pa'i skabs kyi shes rig) 25

1.3.2 Neolithic Culture (rdo chas gsar pa'i skabs kyi shes rig) 26

1.4 An Analysis of Several Prehistoric Histories in Ancient Manuscripts (gna' bo'i dpe rnying nang ’khod pa'i ya thog gi lo rgyus khag gcig la dpyad pa) 34

2. The Era of Emerging Order (mnga' mdzad byung ba'i dus rabs skor) 42-116

2.1 The Initial Emergence of Order (mnga' mdzad thog mar byung tshul)

2.2 Types of Society During the Times of the Twelve Orders (mnga' mdzad bcu gnyis skabs kyi spyi tshogs kyi rnam pa) 59

2.2.1 The System of Eras (dus rabs kyi lam lugs) 59

2.2.2 Primitive Bon and Culture (gdod ma'i bon dang shes rig) 62

2.2.3 Yungdrung Bon and the Arts and Sciences (g.yung drung bon dang rig gnas) 67

3. The Pugyal/Ancient Tibetan Era (spu rgyal gyi dus rabs) 117-203

3.1 The Origins of Pugyal/Ancient Tibet (spu rgyal thog mar byung tshul) 117

3.1.1 The Origins of Nyatri Tsanpo (gnya' khri btsan po'i byung khungs kyi skor) 119

3.1.2 A Chronology of Nyatri Tsanpo (gnya' khri btsan po byung ba'i lo tshigs kyi skor) 126

3.2 The Scope of Political Authority in the Era of the Pugyal/Ancient Tibetan Emperors (spu rgyal btsan po'i dus rabs kyi srid dbang gi khyab khongs) 132

3.2.1 Territory (sa khongs) 132

3.2.2 Regulations for Law and Work (khrims dang las ka'i sgrig gzhi) 148

3.3 Summary of Pugyal/Ancient Tibetan Genealogy (spu rgyal gyi gdung rabs rim byon mdor bsdus) 152

3.3.1 The Seven Khri of the Sky (gnam gyi khri bdun) 152

3.3.2 The Two (stod kyi stengs gnyis) 155

3.3.3 The Six (sa yi legs drug) 157

3.3.4 The Eight (chu la lde brgyad) 158

3.3.5 The Five (tshigs la btsan lnga) 160

3.3.6 The Four (’og gi btsan bzhi) 162

3.4 The Arts and Sciences and Religious Systems (rig gnas dang chos lugs kyi skor)

3.4.1 The Arts and Sciences and Production Technology (rig gnas dang thon skyed lag rtsal) 177

3.4.2 The Rise and Fall of Bon (bon dar nub kyi byung ba brjod pa) 187

4. The Buddhist Dynasty: 629-841 (chos ldan rgyal rabs / spyi lo 629-841) 204-405

4.1 The Religious King Songtsan Gampo Assumes the Kingdom and Unifies Tibet (chos rgyal srong btsan sgam pos rgyal srid bzung zhing bod yongs gcig gyur mdzad pa) 204

4.2 A Summary of the Royal Genealogy from Pugyal/Ancient Tibet to the Buddhist Dynasty (spu rgyal las chos ldan rgyal rabs kyi gdung rabs rim byon mdor bsdus) 215

4.3 Establishing Law and Labor Regulations (khrims dang las ka'i sgrig gzhi gtan la phab pa) 224

4.3.1 The Thirty-six point Legal Decree, or the Thirty-six Divisions (khrims yig don tshan so drug gam khod so drug gi skor) 224

4.3.1.1 The Six Great Royal Legal Decrees (khod so drug las bka' yi khrims yig chen po drug) 226

4.3.1.2 The Six Great Consultations (khos so drug las bka' gros chen po drug) 243

4.3.1.3 The Six Great Offices (khod so drug las yig tshang drug) 245

4.3.1.4 The Six Great Seals (khod so drug las phyag rgya drug) 246

4.3.1.5 The Six Great Conditions (khod so drug las rkyen drug) 246

4.3.1.6 The Six Great (khod so drug las dpa' tshan drug)

4.3.2 Establishing Labor Regulations (las ka'i sgrig gzhi gtan la phab pa) 249

4.3.2.1 Dividing Tibet into Five Regions (bod yul ru chen lnga ru dbye ba) 249

4.3.2.2 The Separation of Eighteen Regional Jurisdictions (yul gyi dbang ris rnam pa bco brgyad du bcad pa) 254

4.3.2.3 The Division of Sixty-one 1000-man Military Units (rgod kyi stong sde drug cu rtsa gcig du dbye ba) 255

4.3.2.4 The Classification of Low-class Laypeople into Servants and Servant's Servants (g.yung gi mi sde kheng dang yang kheng ’byed pa) 261

4.3.2.5 Holding an Assembly Headed by the Three Zhang [’Bro, Mchims, Sna snam] and Minister [Sbas] (zhang gsum blo bcas dbus kyi ’dun sa ’dzin pa'i skor) 265

4.3.2.6 Three Armies Defend the Military Outposts (dpa' sde gsum gyis mtha' yi so kha srung) 271

4.4 The Development of Politics and Economy during the Buddhist Dynasty (chos ldan rgyal rabs skabs su chab srid dang dpal ’byor ’phel rgyas gtong thabs kyi skor) 273

4.4.1 The Rise of Foreign Relations (phyi phyogs su ’brel ba rgya bskyed pa)

4.4.1.1 Tibet-Nepal Relations (bod bal ’brel ba) 274

4.4.1.2 Tibet-Tang Dynasty Relations (bod thang ’brel ba) 277

4.4.1.3 Tibet-India Relations (bod ’phags ’brel ba) 302

4.4.1.4 Tibet-Khotan Relations (bod li ’brel ba) 306

4.4.2 Education in Arts and Sciences (rig gnas slob gso'i skor) 312

4.4.2.1 Positive Aspects of Arts and Sciences Imported from other Countries (yul gzhan gyi rig gnas kyi legs cha blangs pa) 312

4.4.2.2 The Establishment of Technical Colleges (ched sbyong slob gra btsugs pa) 322

4.4.2.3 Skill and Recreation (rtsal dang rtsed mo'i skor) 330

4.4.3 Practical Arts Technology (bzo rig lag rtsal gyi skor) 335

4.4.3.1 The Technology of Castle Construction and Crafting Divine Images (mkhar rtsig dang lha bzo'i lag rtsal) 335

4.4.3.2 The Technology of Construction Iron Bridges (lcags zam bzo skrun gyi lag rtsal) 348

5. The Era of Regionalized Tibet (bod khams sil bur ’thor ba'i dus skabs) 406-485

5.1 Factors in the Regionalization of Tibet (bod khams sil bur ’thor ba'i rgyu rkyen skor) 406

5.1.1 The Killing of the King and the Civil War (btsan po bkrongs shing dbu g.yo ’khrug pa) 406

5.1.2 The Revolt by Subjects (’bangs gyen log gi skor) 410

5.2 The Lineage of the Two Buddhist Kings who Separated (nang gnyis su gyes pa'i btsan po'i gdung rgyud kyi skor) 414

5.2.1 The Lineage of Osung (’od srungs gi gdung rgyud kyi skor) 414

5.2.2 The Lineage of Tride Yumtan (khri lde yum brtan gyi gdung rgyud skor) 425

5.3 Chronology of the Later Spread of Buddhism (bstan pa phyi dar gyi dus tshigs) 426

5.3.1 The Birth Year of the Great Lama Gongpa Rabsal (bla chen dgongs pa rab gsal gyi ’khrungs lo skor) 426

5.3.2 Chronology of the Separation of Mar, Yo, and Tsang from U (dmar g.yo gtsang gsum dbus nas gnas byol byas pa'i dus tshigs) 429

5.4 Conditions in Tibet (bod khams sil bur gnas stangs) 431

5.4.1 The Chiefs of Each Region (yul gru so so'i tsho dpon skor) 431

5.4.2 Gesar of Ling (gling rje ge sar gyi skor) 438

5.4.2.1 The Birthplace of Gesar (gling ge sar gyi ’khrungs yul skor)440

5.4.2.2 The Era of Gesar's Birth (gling ge sar ’khrung dus kyi skor) 445

5.5 The Later Simultaneous Spread and Development of Buddhism and the Arts and Sciences (chos dang rig gnas gnyis lhan cig tu dar rgyas dang gong ’phel phyin pa'i skor) 449

5.5.1 The Development of the Kadampa System (bka' gdams pa'i grub mtha' byung ba) 450

5.5.2 The Development of the Kagyupa System (bka' brgyud pa'i grub mtha' byung tshul) 457

5.5.3 The Development of the Sakyapa System (sa skya'i grub mtha' byung tshul) 471

Volume II

6. The Era of Sakya Rule (sa skya pa'i srid skyong dus rabs) 486-619

6.1 (sa skya pas bod yongs la dbang bsgyur byas pa) 486

6.1.1 Factors in the Development of Religio-Political System (chos srid zung ’brel gyi lam lugs dar ba'i rgyu rkyen) 486

6.1.2 Origins of the Khon Lineage (’khon gyi gdung rgyud ji ltar byung ba'i skor) 492

6.1.3 The Mongol Army Invades Tibet and Sakya Pandita is Invited to Tibet (hor dmag bod du lhags nas sa pan hor yul du gdan drangs) 510

6.1.4 Drogon Pakpa Assumes Total Control of Tibet and Actually Establishes Religio-Political Rule (’gro mgon ’phags pas bod yongs la dbang bsgyur byas shing chos srid zung ’brel gyi srid dbang dngos su tshugs pa) 522

6.2 Establishing Regulations of Religio-Political Rule (chos srid zung ’brel gyi srid ’dzin sgrig gzhi gtan la ’bebs byas pa) 533

6.2.1 Regulations for the Organization of Each Administrative Unit (sde khag so so'i rtsa ’dzugs kyi sgrig gzhi) 533

6.2.2 The Yuan Emperor Made a Census of the Land, People, and Smoke [i.e. Houses] in Tibet (yon gong mas bod du sa mi dud rtsis byas pa) 536

6.2.3 (chol kha gsum gyi sa ris dbye ba dang ’ja' mo btsugs pa) 542

6.2.4 (blon po mgar gyi gdung rgyud la mdo khams stong dpon gyi dbang bskur bar sde dge'i rgyal rabs zhes pa de byung ba) 547

6.2.5 Table of the Succession of the Sakya Tridzin, Tishri, and Ponchen (sa skya'i khri ’dzin dang / ti shri / dpon chen rim byung bcas kyi re'u mig) 554

6.3 The New Spread of Buddhism and the Arts and Sciences (chos dang rig gnas gsar du dar rgyas byung tshul) 562

6.3.1 The Spread of Buddhist Systems (chos lugs dar rgyas byung ba'i skor) 562

6.3.1.1 The Development of the Jonang or Six-Limbed Yoga System (jo nang ba'am sbyor drug pa'i grub mtha' byung ba) 562

6.3.1.2 The Development of the Nyendrup System (bsnyen sgrub pa'i grub mtha' byung ba) 570

6.3.1.3 The Beginnings of Recognizing the Rebirth of Tulkus (sprul sku'i yang srid ngos ’dzin tshul thog mar dar ba) 575

6.3.2 The Spread of the Worldly Arts and Sciences (thun mong rig gnas la dar rgyas byung ba'i skor) 583

6.3.2.1 The Spread of Linguistics and Poetics (sgra dang snyan ngag la dar rgyas byung ba) 583

6.3.2.2 Innovations in Techniques for Refining Mercury (dngul chu btso bkru'i lag len gsar du srol phyes pa) 589

6.4 The Fall of Drigung (’bri gung gling log byung tshul) 594

6.5 Sakya Rule Fails (sa skya pa'i srid dbang thor zhig phyin pa'i skor) 600

6.5.1 The Servants of Sakya Do not Agree with the Authorities and Misfortune Comes Drogon Phakpa (sa skya'i nang ’khor rnams dbang cha la ma ’chams pas ’gro mgon ’phags par sku bgegs byung ba) 600

6.5.2 (g.ya' phag bar dang / sa phag bar sde gzar bstud mar byung ba) 603

6.5.3 Internal Tensions at Sakya Split it into Four Factions (sa skya nang ’gal gyis bla brang khag bzhir gyes pa) 615

7. The Era of Phagmodru Rule (phag gru'i srid skyong dus rabs) (620-803)

7.1 (sde srid phag mo gru pas bod yongs la dbang bsgyur byas pa)

7.1.1 (rlangs kyi gdung rgyud byung tshul dang de la phag gru'i ming thogs tshul) 620

7.1.2 Brief Account of the Pakmodru Tripon (phag gru'i khri dpon gyi lo rgyus mdor bsdus) 623

7.1.3 Pakmodru Jangchub Gyaltsen Assumes Control of all of Tibet (phag gru byang chub rgyal mtshan gyis bod yongs la dbang bsgyur byas pa) 627

7.1.4 A Brief Account of the Pakmodru Desi (phag gru'i sde srid rim byung gi lo rgyus mdor bsdus) 635

7.2 Law and Regulations in the Time of the Phagmodru Desi (phag gru sde srid skabs kyi khrims dang sgrig gzhi'i skor) 663

7.2.1 The Creation of a Consitution (rtsa khrims gtan la ’bebs byas pa) 663

7.2.2 Rules for Personel (mi don sgrig srol skor) 686

7.2.3 Alms and Tax Exemption (’gyed dang khral chag skor) 695

7.3 Construction in Tibet (bod khams ’dzugs skrun gyi skor) 698

7.3.1 Newly Built Temples and the Three Supports (lha khang dang rten gsum gsar bzhengs byung tshul) 698

7.3.2 Improving the Environment (khor yug legs bcos skor) 703

7.3.3 The Development of Printing (par shing dar spel gyi skor) 710

7.4 The Development of Arts and Sciences (rig gnas ’phel rgyas byung tshul) 714

7.4.1 The Rise of the the Karmapa Buddhist Center Known as The Great Encampment, Ornament of the World (karma pa'i chos tshogs sgar chen ’dzam gling rgyan zhes pa de byung ba) 714

7.4.2 The Development of the New Kadampa or Gandenpa (bka' gdams gsar ma'am ri bo dge ldan pa'i grub mtha' byung ba) 732

7.4.3 The Expansion of Medical and Astronomical Activities (sman rtsis kyi bya bzhag la ’phel rgyas byung ba) 744

7.4.4 The Expansion of Artistic Techniques (lha bzo'i lag rtsal ’phel rgyas skor) 752

7.4.5 The Expansion of Historiography (lo rgyus zhib ’jug gi bya bzhag la ’phel rgas byung ba) 761

7.5 Pakmodru Rule Fails (phag gru'i srid dbang thor zhig tu phyin pa) 766

7.5.1 The Pakmodru are Internally Conflicted due to the Tiger-Year War, and Communal Trouble is Unceasing (stag lo'i sde gzar zhes pas phag gru nang ’gal dang / sde ’khrug rgyun mi chad pa byung ba) 766

7.5.2 Because a Replacement Leader is Sent, the Power of the Rinpungpa Increases (dpon tshab thel gtong byas pas rin spungs pa'i dbang shugs je cher phyin pa) 776

7.5.3 Shingshakpa Revolts, Overcomes the Rinpungpa Powers, and Gradually Puts and End to Pakmodru Rule (zhing shag pas gyen log byas te rin spungs pa'i stobs shugs bcom pas rim bzhin phag gru'i srid dbang mjug ’gril ba) 781

7.5.4 Tables of the’ Pakdru Desi, the Central Buddhist King of the Ming Emperor, and the Ganden Gold Throne (phag gru sde srid rim byon / ta ming gong ma'i dbu bla chos rgyal rim byon / dga' ldan gser khri rim byon bcas kyi re'u mig) 786

8. The Era of the Tsang Kings (gtsang pa pa rgyal po'i dus rabs) 802-855

8.1 The Establishment of Rule by the Tsang King (gtsang pa rgyal po'i srid dbang dngos su btsugs pa) 802

8.1.1 A Brief Genealogy of the Tsang Kings (gtsang pa rgyal po'i gdung rabs mdor bsdus) 802

8.1.2 Regulations and Constitution of the Tsang King's Government (gtsang pa rgyal po'i srid gzhung gi sgrig gzhi dang / rtsa khrims skor) 817

8.2 U Allied with the Sog Mongols Attack Tsang (dbus sog mnyam ’brel gyis gtsang rgol byas pa) 850

8.2.1 U Allies with the Sog Mongol Army Several Times (dbus pas sog dmag dang ’brel ba thengs ’gar byas pa) 850

8.2.2 Intense War Destroys the Tsang King's Rule (dza drag che ba'i dmag ’khrug gis gtsang pa rgyal po'i srid dbang gtor ba) 852

9. The Era of the Ganden Government (dga' ldan pho brang gi dus rabs) 856-1058

9.1 U Allied with the Sog Mongols Establish the Rule of the Ganden Government (dbus sog mnyam ’brel gyis dga' ldan pho brang gi srid dbang dngos su btsugs pa) 856

9.1.1 The Great Fifth is Installed upon the Throne as the Lord of Religion and Politics in the Ganden Government (gong sa lnga pa chen po dga' ldan pho brang gi chos srid gnyis kyi bdag po'i khrir ’khod pa) 856

9.1.2 The Rule of the Ganden Government is Stable and Continuous, and Takes Over the Three Areas of Ngari (dga' ldan pho brang gi srid dbang mu mthud nas sra brtan du btang ba dang / mnga' ris skor gsum slar yang dbang du byas pa) 864

9.1.3 Brief Biographies of the Dalai Lamas (ta'a la'i bla ma rim byon gyi rnam thar mdor bsdus) 870

9.1.4 Brief Tables of Leaders such as the Dalai Lamas and the Ambans Stationed in Tibet (ta'a la'i bla ma dang / bod sdod am ban sogs dpon rigs rnams kyi re'u mig mdor bsdus) 902

9.2 Regulations and Constitution of the Ganden Government (dga' ldan pho brang gi sgrig gzhi dang rtsa khrims skor) 962

9.2.1 The Establishment of Regulations for Ruling Offices (srid ’dzin las khungs kyi sgrig gzhi gtan ’bebs byas pa) 962

9.2.2 The Establishment of a Legal Code (khrims yig gtan ’bebs byas pa'i skor) 965

9.2.3 Questions and Doubts about the Tibetan Legal Code (bod kyi khrims yig la dogs gnas kyi dris lan) 976

9.2.4 Tibetan Paper Money (bod kyi dngul lor skor) 986

9.2.5 Table of Official Duties, Tribute?, etc. (’os ’gan dang ’os thob sogs kyi re'u mig skor) 987

9.3 Educational Activities in the Arts and Sciences (rig gnas slob gso'i bya bzhag skor) 997

9.3.1 The Expansion of Studies in Buddhist Knowledge (chos lugs kyi rig gzhung la slob gnyer dar rgyas byung ba'i skor) 997

9.3.2 The Expansion of Learning in the Common Arts and Sciences (thun mong rig gnas kyi skob gso dar spel gyi skor) 1008

9.4 Disputes in Vying Power (srid dbang ’thob rtsod kyi ’khrug pa) 1014

9.4.1 Disputes between the Desi Sangye Gyatso and Sogpo Lhazang Khan (sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho dang sog po lha bzang han bar gyi ’khrug pa sogs ’khrug rtsod ’ga' zhig gi skor) 1014

9.4.2 Internal Disputes among the Kalon Ministers Between Pholhapa and Nga, Hum and Bar (pho lha pa dang nga lum sbyar gsum sogs bka' blon bar gyi nang ’khrug)1020

9.4.3 General Rule of Tibet is Taken Over by the Regents, and Finally Radreng and Taktra Troubles Occur (bod kyi srid dbang phal cher rgyal tshab rnams kyis bzung ba'i dus mthar rwa stag gi don rkyen byung) 1030

9.5 Regulations of the Tibetan Army (bod dmag gi sgrig gzhi skor) 1041

9.6 The Leaders of the Chinese Communist Party Set the Society of Tibetan People on the Path to Long Life (krung go gung khran tang gi ’go khrid ’og bod ljongs mi dmangs spyi tshogs ring lugs kyi lam phyogs su bskyod pa) 1051

Conclusion 1059-1061